stiimulit vastavalt sellele välismaailma stiimulile, mis kõige suurema tõenäosusega sellise kujutise tekitab (nt subjektiivsete kontuuride tajumine: [[Kanizsa kolmnurk]]). ==Gestaltpsühholoogia koolkonnad ja peamised esindajad== [[Franz Brentano]] (18381917) [[Carl Stumpf]] (18481936) * [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] (18331911) ====Grazi koolkond==== * [[Christian von Ehrenfels]] (18591932) * [[Alexius Meinong]] (18531920) * [[Stefan Witasek]] (18701915) * [[Vittorio Benussi]] (18781927) ====Berliini koolkond==== * [[Max Wertheimer]] (18801943) * [[Kurt Koffka]] (18861941) * [[Wolfgang Köhler]] (18871967) ====Leipzigi koolkond==== * [[Felix Krueger]] (18741948) * [[Erich Jaensch]] (18831940) Gestaltpsühholoogia (saksa k Gestalt- konfiguratsioon, kuju) tekkis Saksamaal 20.saj alguses
But if (2) is true, (2) cannot be about Pegasus, for there is no such entity for it to be about. Likewise, if (2) is about Pegasus, then (2) is false, for Pegasus must then in some sense exist. It is worth noting a previous solution to the Problems of Apparent Reference to Nonexistents and Negative Existentials, rejected by Frege and later even more vehemently so by Russell. J1 is uncontroversial; J2 seems obvious; J4 is just a fact; and J5 is trivially true. Alexius Meinong (1904/1960) had boldly leapt to deny J6, insisting à la St. Anselm that any possible object of thought--even a self-contradictory one--has being of a sort even though only a few such things are so lucky as to exist in reality as well. Moriarty has being of that sort and can be referred to, even though--fortunately for England and the world--he lacks the property of existing. 2 With that otherwise unexplained distinction in hand, Meinong could deal
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