CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In
Examples: Acronyms: typically the initial letters of several words, pronounced according to normal orthoepical principles: • aids ‘acquired immune deficiency syndrome’. Some forms mix the two kinds of pronunciation: Beeb from BBC, with clipping of the final C. 25. Clippings, fore clippings, back clippings, ambiclippings Clipping refers to the shortening of some word while the original meaning is retained. Clipping does not create lexemes with new meanings, but lexemes with a new stylistic value.”In morphology, a word formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word, such as cell from cellular phone. A clipped form generally has the same denotative meaning as the word it comes from, but it's regarded as more colloquial and informal. Examples: exam, fax, ad, lab, flu, doc, deli Names: Elizabeth, Eliza, Liz, Lisa, Betty or Arnie Arnold or Maggie Margaret Fore clippings: coon (raccoon), phone (telephone), roo (kangaroo)
Odor – base 1)free – can be separate words 2)bound – can’t occur separately -ize – verb forming suffix Deodorization + - ation – suffix 18. Prefixes A prefix is an affix that precedes its base. An element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust or qualify its meaning. o De-, un-, mis-, re-, etc In english all prefixes are derivational, thus creating new lexemes instead of inflected forms of words. o Happy – unhappy, contaminate – decontaminate 19. Suffixes A suffix is an affix that follows its base. An element placed at the end of a word to form a derivative, such as –ation, -fy, -ing, frequently one that converts the stem into another part of speech. While the prefixes do not change anything in the pronunciation of shape of the base words, the suffixes have such an effect.
verbs into nouns, nouns into adjectives (boy, boyish), and so on. Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by adding affixes to stems or roots. consideration, considerate, inconsiderate, inconsiderateness Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes may be described as `relational markers' that fit words for use in a sentence (express a syntactic relation). Inflections do not change the grammatical class of a given item or produce new lexemes, just different word forms. Inflection is a general grammatical process that combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. Inflectional affixes are always suffixes in English. consider, considers, considered Open vs. Closed class words: In linguistics, a closed class (or closed word class) is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages
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