Province during the Song Dynasty. Its thin, curved stone slabs were joined with iron dovetails so that the arch could yield without collapsing. This technique allowed the bridge to adjust to the rise and fall of abutments bearing on spongy, plastic soils and the live loads of traffic. Following the decline of the Roman Empire with its many engineer- ing achievements, beam, arch, suspension, and cantilever bridge building flourished in China while languishing in Europe for nearly eight centuries. Chinese bridge builders experimented with forms and materials, perfecting their techniques. Selected examples, found in the countryside and parks, may be candidates for World Heritage listing. Other fine bridges survive in Iran, such as the Bridge of Khaju at Isfahan (1667), with eighteen pointed arches, carrying an 85ft (26m) wide roadway with walled, shaded passageways, flanked by pavilions and watch towers
is the companion that is referred to, and that what is said is that that person is kind to her regardless of his not actually being her husband. On this view, the real referent differs from what I have been calling the semantic referent, there being no semantic referent in Linsky's example. Or suppose that in the Smith case, against all the evidence, Jones is inno- cent; Smith committed suicide and there is no murderer. (Or perhaps Smith is not even dead, but has been languishing in a state of deep suspended ani- mation.) Intuitively, Donnellan maintains, that does not change what I said. And what I said is true if and only if Jones is insane, regardless of there being no murderer. Donnellan gives the further example of a party guest seeing an interesting-looking person sipping from a martini glass; the guest asks, "Who is the man drinking a martini?" In fact the glass holds only water, but, Donnellan maintains, the guest's question is about the interesting-looking
One way in which the Okhrana, the notorious secret police, kept tabs on underground workers was to have the black chambers read the letters and telegrams of suspects—as well as most foreign mail and a random selection of the domestic post, too. The most popular cipher of the Russian underground seems to have derived from the prisons in which so many of its leaders had to serve time. Intercommunication among the inmates was strictly forbidden. But the prisoners, languishing in the tomblike solitude of their gloomy stone casements, with nothing to occupy their minds, had the patience, perseverance, and ingenuity to outwit their jailers. They knocked, using the number of taps to indicate the rows and columns of a simple checkerboard, like the original Polybius square, sometimes 6 X 6 to accommodate the 35 letters of the old Russian alphabet, more often five across and six down, with the alternate letter forms eliminated. In
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