anonymous due to globalization and emergence of megapolises, it becomes harder for people to experience the meaning, as their lifestyles are growing more individualistic. Similarly, as not all people share the same meaning, in areas with high cultural and ethnic diversity, meaning can cause conflict. All in all, a shared meaning can be the main basis for social order in smaller and cohesive communities, whereas in larger and more varied habitats this explanation becomes lacklustre. Norms and values For social order to emerge, not only need individuals to understand and share with each other, as foreseen by common meanings, they must also be able to agree on a wider scale. Recognized norms and accepted values serve as a basis for more productive cooperation. Hechter and Horne (Hechter and Horne, 2003) describe norms as our "external criteria for evaluation" and values as our "internal criteria for evaluation". As norms are external, there
Nikolai himself says that " ." And truly, there is no improvement - there's " , ... , , - , ". The peasantry is poor and disobedient " ". In chapter 4, it is described that even Nikolais best efforts do not bare fruits " , , ". Witnessing this situation makes Arkdays heart ache perhaps in a way that Turgenev himself felt with the fate of ill-organised estates. Marino's lacklustre management symbolises the futility of the gentry's attempts to modernize - Nikolai stands as the ,,the economic failings of the gentry" (Dunaev: 1983:196). The shortcomings of the Kirsanov management are even more obvious when subtly contrasted with the well-organised Nikolskoe, ran by Odintsova a representative of the new generation. Therefore the sad state of Marino can be seen as a symbol to the ineffective establishment of the gentry, the generation of fathers.
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