Integration of Lean Con. and Building Information Modelling
It is done by
analysing the literature, previous research in this field, and the results of empirical research conducted
among the main contracting companies in Estonia. Basically, the aim is to understand the reasons for
the failures at the root level.
2.1 Problems
Many studies of the problems and causes for the problems mostly point out the same issues associated
with construction industry. The nature of the construction industry is very often characterized as the
following (Koskela2 1992):
Low productivity
Poor safety
Inferior working conditions
Insufficient quality
The construction industry is seen as an unproductive production system if compared with other
industries, e.g., car manufacturing (Koskela and Vrijhoef 2001; Winch 1998). High levels of waste and
unpredictability in terms of delivery, time, budget, profitability and standards of quality combine to
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