Such control of gene activity depends on DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors, which bind to DNA and act as switches, either activating or re- pressing transcription of particular genes. The activities of many transcription factors are indirectly regulated by binding of extracellular proteins and peptides to cell-surface receptors. These receptors activate intracel- lular signal transduction pathways that regulate specific transcription factors through a variety of mechanisms. · Transposoon - A segment of DNA that is capable of independently replicating itself and inserting the copy into a new position within the same or another chromosome or plasmid. Transposons act somewhat similarly to viruses and in humans are an underlying cause of hemophilia, certain cancers, and other diseases
These will be Muscle Metabolism metabolized to produce ATP using aerobic From a metabolic point of view, energy use pathways. Obviously, ample oxygen is and production in skeletal muscle is simply required for this process to proceed. During nothing short of amazing in its range and high intensity activity, during which ATP is responsiveness. In an actively exercising used very rapidly, the muscle uses intracel- animal, muscle can account for as much as lular stores of phosphagens or glycogen. 90% of the oxygen consumption in the body. These two sources, however, are utilized This can represent an increase in the mus- very quickly and their depletion leads to cle’s metabolic rate of as much as 200% from fatigue. This is not a trivial point. the resting state (Hargreaves and Thompson Concentration of ATP in skeletal muscle is 1999)
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