combination with words, affixes, or other combining forms to form compounds or derivatives, as electro- in electromagnet or geo- in geochemistry. Back-formation new words are formed by taking away affixes. (nt, connection, to connect). This process is based on analogy. Back-form is word building and it means coining verbs. (nt, butcher, to butch; sculptor, to sculpt, television, to televise). Rarely some other parts of speech are found (nt, nasty, to nast) Alphabetisms, initialisms, acronyms words made up of the initial letters (nt, USA, WC) Clippings, fore clippings, back clippings, ambiclippings Clipping is the word formation process which consists of the reduction of a word to one of its parts- shortening. Three types of clipping: Fore clipping- retain the final part of the word- racoon - coon, telephone- phone Back clipping- retains the beginning crocodile- croc, doctor- doc, gasoline-gas Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu
Backformation is a form of shortening in which the omitted material is or is perceived to be a formative, typically an affix. Itsomission produces a new form with a meaning related to but distinct from that of the etymon. Backformation has been a surprisingly productive source of new words.” Examples: baby-sit (babysitter), televise (television), emote (emotion), edit (editor), burgle (burglar), peeve (peevish), diagnose (diagnosis) 24. Alphabetisms, initialisms, acronyms – types of shortening Alphabetisms: An expression may be shortened to a sequence of letters pronounced as their names, as FM ‘frequency modulation’ is pronounced ‘eff em’. The letters are not necessarily the initials of separate words or even morphemes: TV from television and American PJs or peejays from pyjamas. Special letters, such as those of the signal alphabet, Initialism> An abbreviation that consists of the first letter or letters of words in a phrase
-cide (killing) pesticide Mal- (bad) – maladjusted, malodorous -graphy (writing) – biography, cartography 22. Back-formation The process of creating a new lexeme(word) usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. A derivation in reverse. Adsorption – adsorb Babysitter – babysit Television – televise Bartender – bartend 23. Alphabetisms, initialisms, acronyms Alphabetisms function as nouns and adjectives and are formed of letters of the alphabet. Initialisms are alphabetisms, where the initial letters of a phrase are taken to replace the phrase. All the letters are pronounced as a sequence. o FAQ, BBC, UN, MC (emcee), PR, CPR, DUI, FBI, CIA, WHO. 9
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