Grammatical homonyms o Past tense and past participle, present participle, gerund, verbal noun Lexico-grammatical homonyms o Coincide of words representing different word classes. Love – noun/verb o Same word class, but different use Found – past tense and participle of find, to found Full homonyms – all forms coincide Partial homonyms – some forms coincide 38. Homophones One or more words that are identical in sound but have a different spelling and meaning. o beer/bier, there/their/they're. The occurrence of homophones is largely a matter of historical chance, in which words with distinct meanings come to coincide phonologically: byre a cowshed, buyer one who buys. Words may be homophones in one variety of English but not another: father/farther and
Meaning restriction and extension. Specialization of meaning- means narrowing the meaning, extended - widened meanings. Generalization. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration. Amelioration- improvement of meaning. Monosemy Word only has one meaning. Polysemy the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonyms words with the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning. Skate, mouth Homophones words that are pronounced the same. Rose, to-two-too Homographs words that are spelled the same. Lead, close, wind. Synonyms words that share the same denotative, different spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning. e.g. male masculine Opposites (antonyms) words with opposite meanings, e.g. long-short, dead-alive, buy- sell Hyponyms a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or more specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a
Example: skeleton = structure of bones OR staff of a company OR structure of sth 38. Homonyms Accidental similarity. Example> Band is a ribbon OR a group of musicians. It is very common: dock is a basin OR a pier OR a platform OR legal part of court law OR There can be partial or full homonyms. Full are identical in all forms, but partial is for example scald and skald OR lay is past tense of lie BUT also a non-professional OR a short lyrics or narrative poem which will be sung 39. Homophones Words that sound similar Fair and fare tail and tale right and write and wright and rite 40. Homographs Similar spelling Minute (unit of time) vs minute (tiny). Lead (metal) vs lead (to guide) 41. Synonyms A word that shares the same denotation with another word. Enourmous is immense, male is masculine. There are absolute synonymy such as everybody and everyone, anyhow and anyway. There near-synonymy like die and kick the bucket and pass away. Here we observe a matter of degree
A set of such correspondences is still called a "cipher alphabet" if the plaintext letters are in mixed order, or even if they are missing, because cipher letters always imply plaintext letters. Sometimes such an alphabet will provide multiple substitutes for a letter. Thus plaintext e, for example, instead of always being replaced by, say, 16, will be replaced by any one of the figures 16, 74, 35, 21. These alternates are called homophones. Sometimes a cipher alphabet will include symbols that mean nothing and are intended to confuse interceptors; these are called nulls. As long as only one cipher alphabet is in use, as above, the system is called monoalpbabetic. When, however, two or more cipher alphabets are employed in some kind of prearranged pattern, the system becomes polyalphabetic. A simple form of polyalphabetic substitution would be to add another cipher
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