meaning, extended - widened meanings. Generalization. Meaning degradation and elevation Pejoration (worsening of meaning) deterioration. Amelioration- improvement of meaning. Monosemy Word only has one meaning. Polysemy the meaning of the word depends on the sentence. The content- where the word is placed in the sentence. Homonyms words with the same spelling and pronunciation but a different meaning. Skate, mouth Homophones words that are pronounced the same. Rose, to-two-too Homographs words that are spelled the same. Lead, close, wind. Synonyms words that share the same denotative, different spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning. e.g. male masculine Opposites (antonyms) words with opposite meanings, e.g. long-short, dead-alive, buy- sell Hyponyms a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or more specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym.
Example> Band is a ribbon OR a group of musicians. It is very common: dock is a basin OR a pier OR a platform OR legal part of court law OR There can be partial or full homonyms. Full are identical in all forms, but partial is for example scald and skald OR lay is past tense of lie BUT also a non-professional OR a short lyrics or narrative poem which will be sung 39. Homophones Words that sound similar Fair and fare tail and tale right and write and wright and rite 40. Homographs Similar spelling Minute (unit of time) vs minute (tiny). Lead (metal) vs lead (to guide) 41. Synonyms A word that shares the same denotation with another word. Enourmous is immense, male is masculine. There are absolute synonymy such as everybody and everyone, anyhow and anyway. There near-synonymy like die and kick the bucket and pass away. Here we observe a matter of degree. We use principle of contrast to know 42. Opposites (antonyms) 1) in the broad sense (= opposite)
Words may be homophones in one variety of English but not another: father/farther and for/four are homophonous in RP, but not in AmE and ScoE; wails/Wales are general 14 homophones; wails/Wales/whales are homophones for many, but not in IrE and ScoE. Whether/whither are homophones in Scotland, but not whether/weather, which are homophones in England. 39. Homographs A kind of homonym, two or more words which are spelled the same, but differ in origin, meaning and pronunciation/stress o Minute – tiny vs minute – 60 sec o Bear – noun vs bear – verb o Entrance, complex 40. Synonyms A language specific phenomenon where different words share the same meaning. o Because of specialized lexis, foreign influences, expressive lexis
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