the same meaning. e.g. male masculine Opposites (antonyms) words with opposite meanings, e.g. long-short, dead-alive, buy- sell Hyponyms a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or more specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym. Hypernyms (hyperonyms) a word phrase or lexeme of wider or less specific meaning. Meronyms Semantic relation used in linguistics. Meronymy means a part of a whole. Tree/forest, finger/hand Holonyms Holonymy defines the relationship between a term denoting the whole and a term denoting a part of, or a member of, the whole. Collocations Sequence of words or terms which co-occur ore often than words be expected by chance. There are 14 types of collocations. Types of collocations 1) adjective and noun bright/harsh light 2) quantifier and noun - a beam/ray of light 3) verb and noun - cast light 4) noun and verb - light glows 5) noun and noun - a light source
dead / alive; male / female 3) converse (relational) antonyms (reciprocity) lend / borrow; buy / sell; wife / husband 4) reversives polarity – this is displayed when one term of a binary opposition is described as ‘positive’ and the other is ‘negative’. The most obvious cases are where one term carries a negative affix which the other lacks: possible : impossible, happy: unhappy, obey : disobey, dress : undress, and so on 43. Hyponyms Hypernyms (hyperonyms) Meronyms Holonyms Hyponym (subordinate) <> hyperonym (hypernym, generic term) “Hyponym (subordinate) – a WORD, PHRASE, or LEXEME of narrower or more specific meaning that comes ‘under’ another wider or more general meaning”. • rose and flower ‘rose is a flower’ • rose – hyponym • flower – hyperonym The same word (i.e. its different senses) may be a hyponym of several superodinates: axe (kindof tool but also kind of weapon) Co-hyponyms – a group of hyponyms of a hyperonym
Meronyms have subtypes o Member – collection Tree/forest, flower/bouquet o Portion – mass Slice/pie, grain/salt o Stuff – object Steel/bicycle o Feature – activity Paying/shopping, dating/adolescence o Place – area Oasis/desert, Los Angeles/California 45. Holonyms A term (word or phrase), which denotes a whole in relation to a part of something. Tree is a holonym of branch, trunk, leaves Body is a holonym of arms, legs, head, face, ass 46. Collocations The (habitual) occurrence of two or more words within a short space/next to each other in a text or speech with a frequency greater than chance. The way words combine in a language to produce natural sounding speech and writing.
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