Tundra swans
● Feed by dipping their heads underwater
Economic importance of human
✔ Feathers can be used for coats, pillows,
blankets, mattresses, winter clothing
✔ Their excrement can be used as a fertilizer to
help with crop and grass growth
✔ Also hunted for meat
✗ Very territorial; will violently peck when they feel
threatened
✗ Crop pests
✗ Carry avian influenza – linnu gripp
Ecosystem roles
● Host several parasites – heartworms, guinea
worms, gizzard worms, avian malaria
● Have mutualistic relationship with sago
pondweed - penikeel
● Use pondweed as a food source during
migration; disperse pondweed, causing its
population to expend
References
● http://www.eestiloodus.ee/artikkel1838_1806.html(KIK
2007:1)
● https://www.rspb.org.uk/discoverandenjoynature/disc
overandlearn/birdguide/name/b/bewicksswan/
(rspb 2015:1)
● https://en.wikipedia
annaabi.ee 
