The origins of the doctorate also dates back to the license to teach and issue legal opinions in madrasahs which taught law. The first establishments for taking care of the mentally ill were also created in the Muslim world. During this time, standards of experimental and quantification techniques were introduced to the scientific process to distinguish between competing theories as well as the tradition of citation. Ibn Al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the "world's first true scientist." Legal institutions introduced in Islamic law include the trust and charitable trust. Prophets Muslims identify the prophets of Islam as those humans chosen by God to be His messengers. According to the Qur'an the descendants of Abraham and Imran were chosen by God to bring the "Will of God" to the peoples of the nations. Muslims believe
Paljusid neist poldud varem ühegi kirurgi poolt kasutatud. Uute vahenditena ta leiutas ka naistele mõeldud instrumente. Talle omistatakse nt skalpelli, kätguti (soolest haavaõmblusniit), luusae, küreti jt kirurgilise kasutuse avastamine. Tema kirjutatud ,,Meditsiini meetod" oli ka suureks teguriks kirurgiaga tegelemise ülekandumisel habemeajajatelt arstidele. Väga suuri läbimurdeid tegi Islami meditsiin silmakirurgias. Selle üks suurkujusid on Ibn al- Haytham (Alhacen), kes esmakordselt oma teoses ,,Raamat Optikast" (1021) seletas nägemise ja nägemistaju protsesse. Ühed meditsiiniajaloo olulised leiutised pärinevad Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsililt, kes leiutas süstla ning süstlanõela läätsekae eemaldamiseks. Ibn al-Nafis kirjeldas oma teose ,,Kokkuvõtlik raamat meditsiinist" (,,The Comprehensive Book on Medicine") ühes köites kirurgilise operatsiooni kolme põhietappi. Esimene etapp oli
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