Russian philology
industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the
predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations
of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the
most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia.
Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav
Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short
story Nobel Prize-winning writer Ivan Bunin, continued to write in exile. Some writers dared
to oppose Soviet ideology, like Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who
wrote about life in the gulag camps. The Khrushchev Thaw brought some fresh wind to
literature and poetry became a mass cultural phenomenon. This "thaw" did not last long; in
the 1970s, some of the most prominent authors were banned from publishing and prosecuted
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