California • a state of the USA • the capital city is Sacramento • the third most extensive state ( 423,970 km2 ) • the most populous state ( about 38 million people) • the most populated cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Long Beach, Fresno, Oakland • official language is English ( only 60.5% ) • governer is Jerry Brown • 58 counties the flag of California Pacific Ocean • bordered by Pacific Ocean in the west, Oregon in the north, Nevada and Arizona in the east, Mexico in the south Symbols • state animal: California grizzly bear • state bird: California • state flower Geography • about 45% is covered by forests
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Jim Sherman, Al Goethals, John Keating, Dan Wagner, Dalmas Taylor, Wendy Wood, and David Wat- son provided early, positive reviews that encouraged author and editors alike. My editors at Allyn and Bacon, Michelle Limoges and Liz Napolitano, were consistently congenial, helpful, and insightful. I would like to thank the following users of the book for their feedback during a telephone survey: Emory Griffin, Wheaton Col- lege; Robert Levine, California State, Fresno; Jeffrey Lewin, Georgia State Univer- sity; David Miller, Daytona Beach Community College; Lois Mohr, Georgia State University; and Richard Rogers, Daytona Beach Community College. The past edi- tions benefited substantially from the reviews of Assaad Azzi, Yale University; Robert M. Brady, University of Arkansas; Brian M. Cohen, University of Texas at San Antonio; Christian B. Crandall, University of Florida; Catherine Goodwin, Uni- versity of Alaska; Robert G
The inventor of the first machine to embody the rotor principle gave the best efforts of his life to it. Edward Hugh Hebern was born April 23, 1869, in Streator, Illinois, and was raised in the Soldiers' Orphan Home in Bloomington. When he was 14 he began living and working on a farm near Odin, where he got a high school education. He headed West at 19, and, after selling a timber claim in California to a sawmill where he worked for a time, he turned to carpentry and built and sold houses in Fresno. Soon after he turned 40, he somehow became interested in cryptology. Hebern was at this time a blue-eyed, brown-haired man of medium height and build, mustachioed, quiet, a great reader, kind, and even-tempered. From 1912 to 1915, he filed for patents for cryptographic check- writing devices, cipher keyboards for typewriters, movable letter blocks to form mixed reciprocal monoalphabets, and a ciphering typewriter. In 1915, he devised an arrangement in which two electric typewriters were
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