activate vitamin D, control the amount of phosphate that is absorbed and excreted from the foods you eat. Second, a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates phosphate by increasing or decreasing the blood's phosphate concentration. A normal blood phosphate level in adults is 3-4.5 mg/dL and a normal PTH is 10-55 pg/mL. However, in kidney disease and kidney failure, the body is not able to keep the levels of phosphate at healthy levels. When the kidneys start to fail, they cannot excrete excess phosphate from your body. In addition, excess PTH production, which occurs in kidney failure, prevents the body from maintaining healthy levels of phosphate. Why is it important to keep phosphate levels under control? Excess phosphate in your body can lead to blood vessel disease and bone damage. When the phosphate level in the blood is high, phosphate binds with calcium and clumps in blood vessels. The
or in combination. toxins. The primary toxins are B1, B2, G1, and Fortunately, the organism is not a good G2. B and G indicate that the toxins fluoresce competitor compared with other spoilage blue or green under ultraviolet light, respec- organisms (e.g., Pseudomonas) in raw foods tively. When cows consume B1 and B2 toxins, such as ground beef and fish. However, in the they can modify the toxins and excrete the absence of competitors, such as in salty food toxins as M1 and M2 in milk. (e.g., ham) or processed foods (e.g., pro- Spores of these molds are ubiquitous; the cessed cheese), the organism can grow and organisms have been found to grow in rice, produce the heat-stable toxins. They can sorghum, peanut, corn, wheat, and soybean produce enough toxins in 4 hours at room crops, as well as animal feed. Human food temperature to cause a problem
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