Bridges presentation
Ritter simplified the calculations of forces by developing very simple formulae for determining the
forces in the members intersected by a cross-section. The third advance was a better method of
graphical analysis, developed independently by James Clerk Maxwell, Professor of Natural
Philosophy at King's College, Cambridge (UK), published in 1864, and Karl Culmann, Professor at
the newly established Federal Institute of Technology (Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule) in
Zürich (Switzerland), who published his methods in 1866. The solution of bending in a cantilever
was developed over a long period of time, starting with Galileo's famous illustration of the wooden
beam, anchored in the ruinous masonry wall, holding a stone weight at its end. Although it was not
entirely accurate, subsequent solutions were discussed in terms of Galileo's cantilever. C A Coulomb
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