Basically these unknowns are the paths taken by the wires of each rotor from one face to the other. The cryptanalyst-mathe-matician quantifies them by measuring the distance, or displacement, between the input and the output contacts. For example, a wire from input contact 3 to output contact 10 marks a displacement of 7. Similarly, letters are given numerical values, usually a = 0, 6 = l,...z = 25. Using his known or assumed plaintext values, the cryptanalyst sets up equations in which the displacements of the several rotors constitute the unknowns, and then, using higher algebra, solves the equations for them. By repeating this process, the cryptanalyst can list the differences between many of the displacements on the rotor. He can then seek an arrangement of wires having these differences that will reproduce the known cryptographic effects. In similar fashion, he will reconstruct another rotor. Such are the basic principles of the rotor solution. But their
Dielectric Mechanisms in caused by light refraction (von Hippel 1954; Cellular Systems Kent 2003). Atomic or ionic polarization appears when atoms or ions are displaced in There are different mechanisms affecting the a molecule. These displacements are typi- dielectric behavior of cellular food systems. cally associated with changes in chemical These mechanisms are divided into two bounds into the molecule, producing resul- classes: resonance and relaxation processes. tant dipolar moments. A distortion of the Resonance phenomena happen when the molecule’s natural vibration is produced,
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