speaker means or refers to in using the expression. For example, taken liter- ally, the sentence "Albert's an elegant fellow" means that Albert is an elegant fellow, but a speaker might use it sarcastically to point out that Albert is a revolting slob. (We shall say much more of disparities between speaker- meaning and literal expression meaning in chapters 7 and 13.) So too, I may say "Smith's murderer," which phrase taken literally means whoever mur- dered Smith, and (myself) honestly mean Jones on the stand and accurately be taken to mean Jones. Linsky's speaker himself means the lady's companion, but the expression "Her husband" according to the rules of English means whoever (if anyone) is married to her; Donnellan's party guest obviously means the interesting-looking man, though the phrase "the man drinking a martini" literally means whatever man is in fact drinking a martini. Speakers
fessors of pharmacy Michael Cohen and Neil Davis attribute much of the problem to the mindless deference given to the "boss" of a patient's case: the attending physician. According to Cohen, "in case after case, patients, nurses, pharmacists, and other physicians do not question the prescription." Take, for example, the strange case of the "rectal earache" reported by Cohen and Davis. A physician or- dered ear drops to be administered to the right ear of a patient suffering pain and infection there. Instead of writing out completely the location "Right ear" on the prescription, the doctor abbreviated it so that the instructions read "place in Rear." Upon receiving the prescription, the duty nurse promptly put the required number of ear drops into the patient's anus. Obviously, rectal treatment of an earache made no sense, but neither the pa-
circulation of the smoke and drying air temperature of the heated grate and on the in order to achieve the required degree volume of supplied air. When small mesh and uniformity of smoke deposition, water sawdust is used, the flow of air may be hin- evaporation, and heating, as well as to control dered and the temperature tends to be below all process parameters affecting the quality that of the plate. Such smoke is rich in of the products. In accordance with the CO. Adding wood chips to the pile increases requirements of hygiene and environmental the temperature and makes the smoke richer protection, the industrial installations also
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