structured. Ice climbing is a crucial part of any mountaineering activity or training. Ice climbing competitions are a sport for a small group of climbing specialists. But the big difference of ice-climbing from other "non mass sports" is, that it is also very interesting for spectators and media. As a matter of fact, ice climbing is a fairly new Competition Sport. The first known ice climbing competition was organized in Courmayeur on the Brenva glacier in 1912. Ice climbing competitions started in Russia (at that time the Soviet Union) and have been held each winter since 1970. There were three disciplines: difficulty, speed and speed climbing of a longer route (100+m) by roped groups where the lead climber changed every 40m. The competitions at Courchevel in France were also famous. The main rule was to climb as high as possible using as few hits as possible, with the time limited
Põhja-Aafrika põgenikud). Välismaalased moodustavad rahvastikust 4,5%. Peamised väljarände sihtpaigad on Saksamaa ja Sveits. Toimub rahvastiku koondumine riigi põhjaossa. Loomulik iive on negatiivne. Põhiline usund on katoliku usk (90%), millele järgneb protestantism. Riigi põhiosa moodustab mägine Vahemerre ulatuv Apenniini ps. Riigi kõrgeim tipp on Mont Blanci massiivil paiknev Monte Bianco di Courmayeur (4748 m). Ida-Alpid laskuvad laugelt Lombardia madalikule. Ees-Alpide orgudes paiknevad suured ja sügavad järved. Apenniini mäestik on ka tekkinud Alpi kurrutusel, ta läbib kogu Apenniini poolsaare ja jätkub Sitsiilia saarel. Lõuna-Itaalia on Euroopa seismiliselt aktiivsemaid piirkondi. Seal paikneb ka Mandri-Euroopa ainus tegevvulkaan Vesuuv, tegevvulkaan on Sitsiilias paiknev Etna. Suurte järvede ümbruse kliima sarnaneb lähistroopilisele vöötmele ja madalamatel
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