Kaasaegne teaduslik mõtlemine ja filosoofilised meetodid
It is interested in
scientists, their institutions and their interactions.
This social dimension was not the concern of positivist philosophers who argued that science was
objective and independent of society.
They distinguish the context of discovery from the context of justification.
Merton Norms
Sociologist Robert Merton in The Normative Structure of Science (1942) identified 4 norms that rule
scientific activity:
1. Communalism
Scientific knowledge belongs to all. Scientists share knowledge.
2. Disinterestedness
Scientists do not engage their personal interests in their judgements.
3. Universalism
The truth of scientific claims does not depend on who is making it.
4. Organised scepticism
Scientific ideas are subject to test by the community.
The Autonomy of Science
Merton norms assure the autonomy of science:
No external influence.
No internal abuse.
Criticism:
annaabi.ee 
