However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468. The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.
Low Church placed great emphasis on preaching, personal piety and the authority of scripture and gave much less importance to the orders of priesthood and episcopacy. Anglo-Catholic = high church High Church is the older of the two terms and was first applied in the late 17th century to those individuals who were opposed to the Puritan wing of the Church of England. It is first and foremost associated with the Anglo-Catholic movement of the later 19th century (from 1833 onwards). High Churchmen placed great emphasis on liturgy and the sacraments, especially the weekly or daily celebration of the Eucharist as well as on the three orders of ministry (deacon, priest and bishop). Archbishop In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. Like popes, patriarchs, metropolitans, cardinal bishops, diocesan bishops, and suffragan bishops, archbishops are in the highest of the three traditional orders of bishops, priests, also called presbyters, and deacons
county or regional names to this day: Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), East Anglia (East Angles). The seven kingdoms were first united into one under Egbert of Wessex, who became the first king of England (829–839). And the country got its new name, England, ‘the land of Angles’. One of the institutions created by the Anglo-Saxons in the ninth century was the King’s Council, called the Witan, which included nobles and senior churchmen. The Witan advised the king on important matters and was the highest law court. When a king died, the Witan chose a successor. The Anglo-Saxons had little use for towns, which fell into disrepair. But they had a great effect on the countryside, where they founded the thousands of self- sufficient villages which formed the basis of English society during the next thousand or so years. They cut down many forest areas in the valleys to make new fields. 32
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