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question-answer process. The first step in the question answer process is understanding the
question. Therefore, the first thing that is investigated in a pretest is if the respondents understand
the question and the words used in the question as intended by the researcher. Usually questions are
adapted and/or reformulated, based on the results of questionnaire pretests. For a good description
of pretesting, methods, see Campanelli Chapter 10. Whenever a question is reformulated, there is
the danger of changing its original (intended) meaning, and thus introducing a new specification
error. Therefore, both the results of the pretests and the final adapted questionnaire should again be
thoroughly discussed with the client.
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1.4 Placing the cornerstones: coverage,sampling, nonresponse, and
measurement
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