Tundra swans
● Host several parasites – heartworms, guinea
worms, gizzard worms, avian malaria
● Have mutualistic relationship with sago
pondweed - penikeel
● Use pondweed as a food source during
migration; disperse pondweed, causing its
population to expend
References
● http://www.eestiloodus.ee/artikkel1838_1806.html(KIK
2007:1)
● https://www.rspb.org.uk/discoverandenjoynature/disc
overandlearn/birdguide/name/b/bewicksswan/
(rspb 2015:1)
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_swan (Wikipedia
2016:1)
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_swan
(Wikipedia 2016:1)
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mute_swan (Wikipedia
2016:1)
● http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cygnus_columbianu