pretensions to the British throne from a court in France (primarily at SaintGermainenLaye) until 1717, and both Jameses were regarded as a serious threat to the stability of the British monarchy until the end of the reign of George II. The court of the Pretender attracted those Jacobites, and their Tory sympathizers, whose political activity precluded them staying safely in Great Britain; notable among them was Swift's friend, the Anglican Bishop of Rochester Francis Atterbury, who was exiled to France in 1722. Swift's Lilliputian claims that the machinations of "BigEndian exiles" at the court of the Emperor of Blefuscu have brought about a continuous war between Lilliput and Blefuscu for "six and thirty moons" (Lilliputians calculate time in 'moons', not years; their timescale is apparently also onetwelfth the size of normal humans.) This is an allusion to the wars fought underKing William III and Queen
religious calling with an activity once condemned by churchly authorities, but also went on to become the only man in history to use cryptanalytic talents to procure ecclesiastical rewards. Within two years, he had been named rector of Barton, Bedfordshire, for solving more than 300 pages of cipher that exposed Sweden's attempt to foment an uprising in England. He virtually guaranteed his future when he testified before the House of Lords in 1723. Here, Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester, was being tried by his peers for attempting to set a pretender on the English throne. The pretender's cause exhorted the allegiance of many in England, and the nation's attention focused on Atterbury's trial. Most of the facts about the alleged conspiracy had come from his intercepted correspondence, and the most inculpatory evidence had been extracted from the portions in cipher by Willes and by Anthony Corbiere, a former
Phage concentration as high as 6.3 × 106 PFU/g strains failed to lyse 43.8% of 1,023 strains was found on chicken skin. Not surprisingly, of naturally isolated pseudomonads from most isolated were invaders of Pseudomonas beef, pork, and lamb. When added to refrig- spp., followed by Gram-positive cocci and erated, naturally contaminated beef rib-eye members of the Enterobacteriacea family. steaks, the same phage pool remained Similarly, Atterbury et al. (2003) isolated 34 viable throughout the study and significantly Campylobacter phages from retail chicken reduced Pseudomonas growth, but did not meat. significantly affect shelf-life duration. The Because of the naturally wide prevalence authors concluded that phage inability to of phages on raw meats, one may conclude prolong shelf life of meat was caused by the
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