temperature decline, and postmortem han- extensively in the southwestern United States dling such as aging. Ultimately, meat quality because of their tolerance to adverse environ- is defined in terms of consumer acceptability, mental conditions; however, Brahman car- which include tenderness, juiciness and casses have tenderness issues. Toughness of flavor, and appearance characteristics such as meat from Brahman cattle has been associ- color, amount of fat, amount of visible water, ated with high levels of calpastatin in the and textural appearance, which have a sig- muscle (Ibrahim et al. 2008). The Japanese nificant impact on consumer expected satis- Wagyu breed produces highly marbled, faction (Brewer et al. 1998, 2001). Because tender meat. Cross breeding Brahman with they are the most important traits defining Wagyu cattle to produce Waguli cattle, which
wrong. 3 Searle's Cluster Theory In light of these two objections (and several others) to Russell's version of the Description Theory, John Searle offered a looser and more sophisticated variant. He suggested that a name is associated, not with any particular description, but with a vague cluster of descriptions. As he puts it, the force of "This is N," where N is replaced by a proper name, is to assert that a sufficient but so far unspecified number of "standard identifying statements" associ- ated with the name are true of the object demonstrated by "this"; that is, the name refers to whatever object satisfies a sufficient but vague and unspecified number (SBVAUN) of the descriptions generally associated with it. (Searle adds the metaphysical claim that to be the person N is to have a SBVAUN of the relevant properties.) The vagueness is important; Searle says it is precisely what distinguishes names from descriptions, and in fact is why we have and use names as
person in everything you do. 179 ccc_tracy_10_179-200.qxd 6/23/03 4:16 PM Page 180 180 ➤ CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE ■ POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE A positive mental attitude is closely associated with success in every area of life. The kind of people we like the most and want to associ- ate with tend to be people who are generally cheerful and optimistic about their work and personal lives. No one wants to spend time with a negative, pessimistic, complaining person. Unfortunately, it is easy to slip into the habit of criticizing and complaining. We are bombarded continuously with negative infor- mation, from radio, television, newspapers, and magazines and in our daily interactions with others
Journal of Research and Development in Education, 12, 16-27. Aronson, E., Stephan C, Sikes, J., Blaney, N., 8{ Snapp, M. (1978). The jigsaw classroom. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Asch, S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psy- chology, 41, 258-290. Ashmore, R. D., Ramchandra, V., 8{]ones, R. A. (1971, April). Censorship as an attitude change induction. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Associ- ation' New York. Asimov, 1. (1975, August 30). The Miss America pageant. TV Guide. Aune, R. K., 8{ Basil, M. C (1994), A relational obligations approach to the foot in-the- mouth effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 546-556. Bachman, W., 8{ Katzev, R. (1982). The effects on noncontingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership. Transportation Research, 16A(2), 10 3-108. Bandura, A., 8{ Menlove, F. 1. (1968)
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