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frequency division multiple access· Channel spectrum divided into frequency bands· Each station > Implicit token protocolImplicit token protocol uses time slots -> waiting switch to catch certain packet errors and collisions and keep · This reduces the chance of a collision occurring on each of
assigned fixed frequency band· Unused transmission time in frequency bands go idle period is asshort as possible: ~ End-to-End propagation delay them from propagating bad packets through the network. the segment thereby releasing more bandwidth for real
· Combined TDMA & FDMAOften combined in practice, for example, in cellular phonenetworks:· · Operation· IDLE: Active station transmits immediately After each message, · Fragment-free(modified cut-through) switching traffic
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