compounds and polypeptides at the cell boundary, the transport route from site of synthesis to the site of action is still a mystery. SNAREs are supposed to have a fundamental role in plant defense (Collins et al., 2003). Inactivation of allele AtSYP121 (encodes Qa- SNARE) and its ortholog HvROR2 in barley have high levels of host cell entry either by non-adapted fungal species or in the highly resistant barley mlo mutant allele (Assaad et al., 2004). Absence of the AtSYP121 gene results in a delay in the formation of localized cell wall appositions at attack sites of non-adapted powdery mildews, suggesting that AtSYP121 contributes to the timely establishment of pathogen-triggered cell wall reinforcements (Assaad et al., 2004). Besides playing a role during fungal · penetration, SNAREs are also involved in regulation of post invasive de- · fense layers (Zhang et 5. Kokkuvõte
congenial, helpful, and insightful. I would like to thank the following users of the book for their feedback during a telephone survey: Emory Griffin, Wheaton Col- lege; Robert Levine, California State, Fresno; Jeffrey Lewin, Georgia State Univer- sity; David Miller, Daytona Beach Community College; Lois Mohr, Georgia State University; and Richard Rogers, Daytona Beach Community College. The past edi- tions benefited substantially from the reviews of Assaad Azzi, Yale University; Robert M. Brady, University of Arkansas; Brian M. Cohen, University of Texas at San Antonio; Christian B. Crandall, University of Florida; Catherine Goodwin, Uni- versity of Alaska; Robert G. Lowder, Bradley University; James W. Michael, Jr., Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Eugene P. Sheehan, University of Northern Colorado; Jefferson A. Singer, Connecticut College; and Sandi W. Smith, Michigan State University
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