K., Oliver S.G.), pp. 191–214. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (not seen) Claridge, M.F., Dawah, H.A., Wilson, M.R. 1997. Species: the Units of Biodiversity, 1st edn. Chapman & Hall, London. (not seen) Craven, K.D., Hsiau, P.T.W., Leuchtmann, A, Hignight, K. & Schardl, C.L. 2001. Multigene phylogeny of Epichloë species, fungal symbionts of grasses. Ann. Mo. Bot.Gard. 88: 14–34. Kim, M.-S., Klopfenstein, N.B., McDonald, G.I., Arumuganathan, K. & Vidaver, A.K. 2001. Use of flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and PCRbased techniques to assess intraspecific and interspecific matings of Armillaria species Mycol. Res. 105: 153-163. Kohn, L.M. 2005. Mechanisms of fungal speciation. Annual Review of Phytopathology 43: 279-308. Kuldau, G.A., Tsai, H-F. & Schardl, C.L. 1999. Genome sizes of Epichloë species and anamorphic hybrids. Mycologia, 91: 776–782. Kullman, B. 2000
samples amenable for amplification by adap- an overestimation of yield. For this purpose tation of extraction procedures to each food a straightforward treatment with RNAase A matrix. The first stage is homogenization to is recommended. Then, it is simple to cor- reduce the sample particles to an appropriate relate the amount of DNA (ng) with copy size by grinding in homogenizers, such as number by using the C-value (Arumuganathan blenders, stomacher, polytron, ultra-turrax, and Earle 1991; Bennett and Leitch 2003). mills, and mortars, which reduce consider- Purity of DNA can be evaluated by assessing ably the sampling error (Begg et al. 2007). the degree of degradation using agarose 504 Chapter 29 electrophoresis, by means of the ratio of on nested PCR are available in the bibliogra- UV spectrophotometry at 260/280 nm (desir- phy (see Table 29.1). ably close to 1
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