Bridges presentation
Phelps Johnson with Ralph Modjeski as consultant, was criticized by many engineers as being the
ugliest, while the cantilever was generally regarded as a type, especially those of American origin,
whose profile was unsightly despite their record lengths.
The largest cantilever in Europe was Saligney's Danube Bridge near Czernavoda (Romania), with a
span of 623ft (190m). Another great cantilever is the Howrah Bridge over the Hooghly River at
Calcutta (India), with a span of 1500ft (457m).
Reintroduction of masonry and concrete
Concrete is an ancient material. It was first discovered and used by the Romans in their aqueducts
and temples, to be sporadically rediscovered throughout time by engineers who used it in its mass-
poured form. The discovery of natural cement in 1796, on the Isle of Sheppey in the Thames Estuary
(UK), renewed interest in the material, but the age of concrete began its most vigorous development
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