, Planke, S., and Corfu, F. (2010) Zircon dating ties North Atlantic gas eruptions to Eocene warming. Journal of the Geological Society 167, 433-436. Thomas, Ellen; Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1996). "The Paleocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies". Geological Society London Special Publications 101 (1): 401. Thomas, D. J. & Bralower, T. J. 2005 Sedimentary trace element constraints on the role of North Atlantic Igneous Province volcanism in late Paleoceneearly Eocene environmental change. Mar. Geol. 217, 233254. Rodríguez-Tovar F.J., Uchman A., Alegret L., Molina E., 2011. Impact of the PaleoceneEocene Thermal Maximum on the macrobenthic community: Ichnological record from the Zumaia section, northern Spain. Marine geology 282, 178-187. Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene". Global and Planetary Change 47 (1): 5166.
Galloway to Dunbar. The geological foundations largely comprise Silurian deposits laid down some 4500 million years ago. The high point of the Southern Uplands is Merrick with an elevation of 843 m (2,766 ft). The Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising Paleozoic formations. Many of these sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron bearing rocks that fuelled Scotland's industrial revolution are to be found. This area has also experienced intense volcanism, Arthur's Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. This area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and Campsie Fells are rarely far from view. comprises ancient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian which were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. It is interspersed with igneous intrusions of a more recent age, the remnants of which have formed mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and Skye Cuillins
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