these in turn. Second order national elections (Reif and Schmitt, 1980) - National electoral programmes (developed by national parties) + very small room for European programmes - Debate and vote focussed on national issues (few exceptions Bolkenstein / constitution) – retrospective / protest vote - List of candidates defined by national parties - Party and voters’ perspective – lower relevance than „first order elections“ – no govt. - Lower turnout if compared to national elections - Protest vote and retrospective judgement - Sanction towards governing parties (no consequences on the govt.) XIV loeng Eurozone crisis Criteria for joining the eurozone • Budget deficit: Less than 3% of GDP • Public debt: Less than 60% of GDP • Inflation: Within 1.5% of the avg. in the 3 MS with lowest inflation • Interest rates: Within 2% of the avg. in the 3 MS with lowest rates
many of these people said that they would volunteer. The consequence of this sub- tle commitment procedure was a 700 percent increase in volunteers when, a few days later, a representative of the American Cancer Society did call and ask for neighborhood canvassers (Sherman, 1980). Using the same strategy, but this time asking citizens to predict whether they would vote on election day, other re- searchers have been able to increase significantly the turnout at the polls among those called (Greenwald, Carnot, Beach, ~Young, 1987; Spangenberg ~ Greenwald, in press). Courtroom combatants appear to have adopted this practice of extracting a lofty initial commitment that is designed to spur future consistent behavior. When screening potential jurors before a trial, Jo-Ellen Demitrius, the woman cur- rently reputed to be the best consultant in the business of jury selection asks an art-
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