Floating Wind Turbines University of Tartu 2012 Featured topics Basic layout of wind turbines About FWT Technology and advantages Initiatives Conclusion Introduction to how wind turbines work Electricity Kinetic Click to edit Master text styles Second level energy of the wind Third level is converted to Fourth level mehanical energy. Fifth level Main parts 1. Rotor blades 2. Shaft 3. Generator Introduction to how wind turbines work
During the Second World War, small wind generators were to recharge submarine batteries. In the 1990s, wind power became more important, because fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere and humanity needed alternative fuels. That's because wind power is so necessary. Wind power is also renewable energy and it doesn't cause greenhouse gases. Building windmills is actually quite expensive and they need repairing or replacing about every 12-15 years. And strong winds can also break the wind turbines. Considering these things the wind power cost more than the energy from fossil fuels. Also the turbines are unpleasant to look at and if you live near the wind farms then they make a bit noise. Wind farms take a lot of space which you can use for farming. And when the wind doesn't blow then the turbines can't make energy. About 26% on world energy is made by wind power. Wind power is used many years in counties like Holland and Denmark where wind makes most of their energy.
New energy sources Rauno Hermann Scheer Energy law example for 47 countries 6.3% to over 20% Numerous awards including The Right Livelihood Award Renewable energy in world Investments 63 billion USD > 120 billion USD 20062009 Wind energy: 74 000 MW to 135 000 MW Solar energy: 5100 MW to 19 000 MW WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES TO TODAYS SOLAR, WIND AND BIOMASS ENERGY SOURCES? Osmotic power How it works? Pressure created by osmosis powers turbines Where could be used Where fresh and salt water meet (creeks, fjords) Desalination plants Now Worlds first test factory in Norway Tofte (2009) Disadvantages Km2s of membranes needed Norway, Tofte Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level
Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Negative aspects of solar energy Solar energy does not work at night without a storage device such as a battery. Cloudy weather can make the technology unreliable during the day. Solar technologies are very expensive. Requires a lot of land area to collect the sun's energy. Wind energy Most wind energy comes from wind turbines. Wind turbines are used to wring electricity from the breeze. Wind turbine use has increased at more than 25 percent a year. Wind is a clean source of renewable energy that produces no air or water pollution. Wind is free, operational costs are nearly zero once a turbine is erected. Negative aspects of wind energy Wind turbines make noise. Slowly rotating blades can kill birds and bats. Wind is variable: if it's not blowing , there's no electricity generated. Wind turbines are expensive
The University of Amsterdam ( MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies ) http://boa.czp-vecer.si/vecer2000/20131211/5023698_ Primarily researches social, cultural, political and economic .jpg conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes Introduction This book talks about the negative side effects of the alternative energy like wind turbines, solar cells and bio fuels. We don't have an energy crisis. We have a consumption crisis. And this book, offers refreshingly straight talk about what's wrong with the way we think and talk about the problem. Though we generally believe we can solve environmental problems with more energy, Solar cells Advantages: Simple Low cost Reduce pollution Increase home safety Good for remote locations Clean and renewable
resources such as geothermal power, fresh water, timber, and biomass must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the worlds capability to displace them. Solar energy is the energy derived directly from the Sun. Along with nuclear energy, it is the most important source of energy on Earth. People usually use solar energy to produce electricity and heat. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. These wind turbines are popular in counties, where the average speed of the wind is at least 6 meters per second for example in Germany, Denmark, USA and India. Hydropower is energy derived from the movement of water in rivers and oceans,it can be used to generate electricity using turbines, or can be used mechanically to do useful work. It is a very common resource. Besides these , there are a lot more renewable resources such as animals, plants, forrests and so on.
Vastus: Antud artikkel on ilmunud ajakirjas ehitaja, aastal 2007, nr. 5, lk 14 4. Leidke e-ajakirjade otsivahendit A-to-Z kasutades, millise andmebaasi vahendusel ja mis aastast aastani on meie ülikooli arvutivõrgust juurdepääs ajakirja Cement and Concrete Research täistekstidele? Vastus: ScienceDirect Freedom Collection 1999 kuni tänaseni 5. Leidke EBSCOhost andmebaasidest üks täistekstiga artikkel teemal tuuleturbiinid (wind turbines) Vastuses esitage artikli autor, pealkiri, ajakirja nimetus, aastakäik (Volume), number (Issue) ja artikli paiknemise leheküljed. Lisage artikli täisteksti sisaldava andmebaasi nimetus ja kasutamise kuupäev. Vastus: Gruender W. Artikkel RELIABILITY OF MACHINE ELEMENTS IN WIND TURBINES, on ilmunud ajakirjas Fiability & Durability, 2010, number 1, lk 115-120. Academic Search Complete
Source: World Energy Assessment 2001[53] Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? In the past, renewable energy has generally been more expensive to use than fossil fuels. Plus, renewable resources are often located remote areas and it is expensive to build powerlines to the cities where they are needed. The use of renewable sources is also limited by the fact that they are not always available (for example, cloudy days reduce solar energy, calm days mean no wind blows to drive wind turbines, droughts reduce water availability to produce hydroelectricity). The production and use of renewable fuels has grown more quickly in recent years due to higher prices for oil and natural gas, and a number of State and Federal Government incentives, including the Energy Policy Acts of 2002 and 2005. The use of renewable fuels is expected to continue to grow over the next 30 years, although we will still rely on non-renewable fuels to meet most of our energy needs. trends Consumption
des moteurs électriques et atteignant 320 km/h sur des lignes spécifiques. · Les TGV sont conçus et construits par la société Alstom , à Belfort pour les motrices et à Aytré pour les remorques. · Hormis 3,5 TGV spécifiquement aménagés utilisés par La Poste entre Paris et Cavaillon, les TGV assurent exclusivement le transport de voyageurs. Aux origines du TGV · Dans sa première version, le TGV devait être mû par des turbines à gaz . · À la suite de la crise pétrolière de 1973 , le choix fut fait de revenir à la traction électrique. · Le 18 mai 1990 , le TGV a obtenu le record du monde de vitesse sur rail , à 515,3 km/h sur la LGV Atlantique Parc des TGV · Environ 560 rames de type TGV sont en service dans le monde, la grande majorité étant exploitée par la SNCF ou ses filiales internationales qui gèrent un parc de 475 rames TGV dont 440 rames pour la SNCF en
A sustainable city should be able to... • feed itself with minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and power itself with renewable sources of energy. • create the smallest possible ecological footprint • produce the lowest quantity of pollution possible • efficiently use land • compost used materials - Practical Achievement • Different agricultural systems - agricultural plots within the city – reduces distance. • Renewable energy sources - wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created from sewage. • Methods to reduce air conditioning - planting trees and lightening surface colors, etc Practical Achievement • Transportation planning- Improved public transport and an increase in pedestrianization to reduce car emissions • Green roofs Conclusion Sustainable cities are the way of the future, perhaps the distant future, but it is clear there are aspects of sustainability that many
greenhouse gases. 3.2 Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? In the past, renewable energy has generally been more expensive to use than fossil fuels. Plus, renewable resources are often located remote areas and it is expensive to build powerlines to the cities where they are needed. The use of renewable sources is also limited by the fact that they are not always available (for example, cloudy days reduce solar energy, calm days mean no wind blows to drive wind turbines, droughts reduce water availability to produce hydroelectricity). The production and use of renewable fuels has grown more quickly in recent years due to higher prices for oil and natural gas, and a number of State and Federal Government incentives, including the Energy Policy Acts of 2002 and 2005. The use of renewable fuels is expected to continue to grow over the next 30 years, although we will still rely on non-renewable fuels to meet most of our energy needs. 3
energia kogutoodangust. Eksport ja import Aastal 2014 eksportis Rootsi 16 TWh ning importis 219 TWh energiat. Import on võrreldes aastaga 2004 langenud 3.1%. Kasutatud materjalid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/EU-Sweden.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden#Geography http://www.stockholmresilience.org/21/research/research-news/1-8-2013-seeing-the-forest-for- more-trees.html http://www.evwind.es/2013/02/04/ge-to-provide-stena-renewable-ab-with-10-1-6-megawatt-wind- turbines-for-project-fredriksdal-in-sweden/28643 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sweden Tänan kuulamast!
My opinion is that the best source of energy is water and I'll bring up some facts why do I think so. Hydroelectric power is currently the world's largest renewable source of electricity. It accounts for six percent of the worldwide energy supply or about fifteen percent of the world's electricity. Water has been found to be a major source of energy. Water power is utilized at present mainly as hydro-electricity. It is produced from moving water and from falls with the help of turbines and dynamos. Hydro-electricity has acquired great significance as a source of energy in the country in the present times and is being put to different uses. The following are the advantages of hydro- electricity in comparison with coal, oil and gas: It is the cheapest and the most various power of all the known energy sources. It is a renewable source of energy. Coal, Oil and Gas would be depleted sooner or later, but water shall remain ever to serve our and natures need.
· Habitat 2020 is a future example of biomimetic architecture that fuses high-tech ideas with basic cellular functions to create `living' structures that operate like natural organisms. The exterior has been designed as a living skin. The surface would allow the entry of light, air and water into the housing. The garbage would be converted into biogas energy. · Wind powered rotating skyscraper. 59 levels with wind turbines, on a concrete core. · Lylypad by Vincent Callebaut. Floating city, covered with plants. For 50 000 people, will be ready around the year 2100. · By 2010 parts of the southern States will be abandoned due to the heat and the
tänavat ja valgusfoore. · 9600 kWh/aastas. Taastuvad energiad. · Loodete energia · Laineteenergia · Päikeseenergia · Tuuleenergia · Geotermaalenergia Kasutatud materjalid. · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode · http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/energy.html · http://www.bioneer.ee/eluviis/saastmine/Kuidas_s%C3%A4%C3%A4sta_energia · http://www.energysavers.gov/ · http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture- energy-from-passing-vehicles/ · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loodete_energia · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laineteenergia · http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotermaalenergia · http://www.tarbija24.ee/211206/esileht/olulised_teemad/tarbija24/auto/aut o/235597.php · http://www.roheline.ee/content/view/274/7/lang,et/
In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. *Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the reservoir. And when there is a big demand, like in the evenings, then the water is released and flows through the turbines. there are many Advantages for hydropower. *The mayor advantage of hydroelectricity is eliminating the cost of fuel. You don't have to fear about the increasing cost of fossil fuels like oil and natural gas. *The second advantage is that hydroelectric plants last longer than fuel-fired plants. Some hydro plants have been operational about 100 years. *Operating labor costs are low as well because the plants are automated.
The tapering is used to enlarge the velocity of the water flow following the continuity equation. The kinetic energy of the wave is transferred into potential energy of stored water in the upper basin. This principle follows the hydrodynamic law of Bernoulli's equation. A Tapchan wave power plant uses a continuous flow of the seawater stored in the upper basin through a low pressure turbine driving a generator of conventional construction to generate electricity. Low head Kaplan turbines are used mostly to convert potential energy into electrical energy. The water storage (reservoir, basin) helps smoothing the electric output. With its integral storage system, a Tapchan is different to most of the other regenerative energy conversion technologies. The following equation governs the energy of water waves: Energy 1 J Energy density = = ewave = * r H2 O * g * h @ewave D =
Eesti tuuleenergia statistika 2011. aastal tootsid tuulikud 365 GWh energiat, mis on umbes 5% kogu elektritarbimisest. 2011. aasta lõpu seisuga oli Eestis töös 85 elektrituulikut koguvõimsusega 184MW. 2011. aastal maksti tuuleparkidele toetuseks 14,4 miljonit eurot, mis moodustab kogu taastuvenergia toetussummast 23%. Kasutatud kirjandus http://www.tuuleenergia.ee/ http://copower.ee/alternatiiv/tuuleenergia/ http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/wind-power/wind-turbines/ http://www.loodusajakiri.ee/eesti_loodus/artikkel2735_2720.html http://www.bef.ee/files/c274/tuulepargid.pdf TÄNAN TÄHELEPANU EEST!
Furthermore, large areas of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and beyond were affected. The Chernobyl site and plant The Chernobyl Power Complex in Ukraine consisted of four nuclear reactors. Two reactors were under construction at the time of the accident. An artificial lake was constructed to provide cooling water for the reactors. The 1986 Chernobyl accident On 25 April the reactor crew at Chernobyl 4 began preparing for a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following a loss of main electrical power supply. This test had been carried out at Chernobyl the previous year, but the power from the turbine ran down too rapidly, so new voltage regulator designs were to be tested. A series of operator actions, including the disabling of automatic shutdown mechanisms, preceded the attempted test early on 26 April. By the time that the operator moved to shut
1.1.2)A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.[1] Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States (1996) is by use of steam turbines.[2] The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible expansion process. 1.1.3) A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.
heating . There are some disconnections from DH systems. Error: Reference source not found. District heating production in the Czech Republic Domestic coal dominates Czech district heating production (Error: Reference source not found). Most of the district heating is produced in CHP plants. The problem concerning CHP (Table I) is that a large share of Czech district heating comes from coal-fired power plants with extraction turbines where the heat is produced at the expense of electricity , which is considered more valuable. The benefit of this CHP production is not allocated to the heat . Some biomass is used to produce district heating, but biomass use is complicated due to deficient fuel supply systems and government scepticism toward renewable energy. There is also much resistance to waste incineration from the public as well as from
a. o Ask Ss to look at the pictureat the bottom of CD/ cassetteSslistento the text and followthe p 53 Elicit what the picture shows (wind l i n e s S sl i s t e na g a i nw i t h p a u s e st ,h e n r e a do u t turbines) Sswork in pairsand brainstorm to find from the text a s m u c hv o c a b u l a rays t h e yc a nw h i c hi s r e l a t e d to the pictureand the subjectof wind power Ss E x p l a itnh e t a s k S sw o r k i n p a i r sr, e a dt h e a r t i c l ea g a i n write thesewordsin their notebooksSsreadthe s
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a. o Ask Ss to look at the pictureat the bottom of CD/ cassetteSslistento the text and followthe p 53 Elicit what the picture shows (wind l i n e s S sl i s t e na g a i nw i t h p a u s e st ,h e n r e a do u t turbines) Sswork in pairsand brainstorm to find from the text a s m u c hv o c a b u l a rays t h e yc a nw h i c hi s r e l a t e d to the pictureand the subjectof wind power Ss E x p l a itnh e t a s k S sw o r k i n p a i r sr, e a dt h e a r t i c l ea g a i n write thesewordsin their notebooksSsreadthe s
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