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ponent spits out underlying structures (the logic-like formulas) and whose
transformational component produces English variations on those under-
lying structures. Given that transformations preserve meaning or, more
118 Theories of meaning
narrowly, that transformations preserve truth properties, we can then see
how English sentences have their meanings. Namely, they have meanings in
virtue of having truth conditions, and they have truth conditions in virtue of
being transformationally derived from explicitly truth-defined formulas of
a logic-like notational system. Synonymous sentences are transformational
variations of each other; ambiguous sentences are the products of more than
one possible transformational process, and so forth.
Ideally, the truth-condition theorist wants to be empirically more respon-
sible than Russell was. Russell approached truth conditions a priori; he would
write an English sentence on the blackboard, write a logical formula next to
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