32 Reference and referring John Stuart Mill (1843/1973) seemed to defend the view that proper names are merely labels for individual persons or objects and contribute no more than those individuals themselves to the meanings of sentences in which they occur.) But recall our initial objection to Russell's Theory of Descriptions: that, although it was motivated entirely by the four puzzles, the puzzles are not at all specific to definite descriptions, because they arose just as insis- tently--not to mention first--for proper names as well. Frege preceded Russell in offering solutions to the puzzles. We have already seen what he said about Apparent Reference to Nonexistents: (1) James Moriarty is bald is meaningful because the name "James Moriarty" has a "sense" over and above its putative referent, even if there is in fact no referent. In fact, nothing is referred to or denoted by the name, but the sense is "expressed" by it.
Only the top 2 percent of people in our society can supervise and manage themselves. They can conduct themselves throughout the day as though everyone is watching, even though no one is watching. ■ THE REAL PAYOFF When you set high standards for yourself, your self-esteem and self- respect increase. When you decide that you are going to live consis- tently with your highest values and your deepest convictions, you feel wonderful about yourself. When you become completely hon- est, you stop compromising yourself in your relationships with oth- ers. You speak sincerely to everyone with whom you live and work. You practice absolute truthfulness with yourself and others. The more honest you are with yourself, the greater courage and self-confidence you will have
Second, aside from its effect on public image, gener- ally consistent conduct provides a beneficial approach to daily life. Third, a consistent orientation affords a valuable shortcut through the complexity of modern existence. By being consistent with earlier decisions, one reduces the need to process all the relevant information in future similar situations; in- stead, one merely needs to recall the earlier decision and to respond consis- tently with it . .. Within the realm of compliance, securing an initial commitment is the key. After making a commitment (that is, taking a stand or position), people are more willing to agree to requests that are in keeping with the prior commit- ment. Thus, many compliance professionals try to induce people to take an ini- tial position that is consistent with a behavior they will later request from these people
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