produced poets like Shakespeare and Spenser and prosperity for the entire nation. She also restored national unity and made England Protestant again. The discovery of America placed Britain in the centre of the world's trading routes and brilliant naval commanders (Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh) enabled England to dominate these trade routes. Sir Walter Raleigh is known for being the person who first brought potatoes and tobacco to Britain. The Stuarts In 1602 the Pilgrim fathers left England on Mayflower because of religious reasons and established colonies in America. On 5th November 1605 English Catholics, with Guy Fawkes as their leader attempted to blow up king James I and the Parliament. They failed at their attempt and that day is nowadays called Guy Fawkes Night. The Stuarts king James I and Charles I followed the medieval notion of monarchy, ignoring parliament. James I united England and Scotland
Walter Raleigh : explorer of America, brought potatoes &tobacco to England Powerful Tudor Monarchs: 14911547 Henry VIII had 6 wives ( the secoond was Anne Boleyn ) established the church of England ( Protestant/Anglican ) and became its head 15581603 Elisabeth I one of the greatest monarchs of England a long and golden period commercial prosperity intellectual brilliance literature ( W.Shakespeare ) The Stuarts 17th c. 1603 James VI of Scotland inherits Englands' throne 1605, November 5 : Guy Fawkes Night ( Bonfire Night ) conflicts between the king and the parliament leads to the Civil War Oliver Cromwell outcome: Charles I is executed, Cromwell starts to rule the country ( Lord Protector ) called the country 'Commonwealth' > the only period in British history with no monarch 1658 O.Cromwell dies the parliament firmly established Charles I son is crowned Charles II
sense of national identity. THE TUDOR DYNASTY ELIZABETH I The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. She died on 24 March 1603 at Richmond Palace. She had no heirs, so after her death the Tudors dynasty ended and the Stuarts Dynasty came to the throne. THE TUDOR DYNASTY In total, five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century. Henry VIII of England was the only maleline male heir of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around the Royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during the Tudor era. The Tudor line failed in 1603.
· All British monarch have been crowned on the Stone of Scone Blair Castle · One of the most visited attraction · The Duke of Atholl has welcomed visitors for over 700 years · 32 fully furnished rooms from 16th c. to the present day · owner of the castle is allowed to have a private army (by Queen Victoria in 1844) Linlithgow Palace · Mary Stuart, who became queen when she was six days old was born there · Palace tells the story of all those James and Stuarts lives Ballindalloch · Magnificent 16th c. castle · Since 1546 it has been continuously occupied by the McPherson- Grants family · It is home of the Aberdeen Angus breed of cattle Carbisdale Castle · Today is a youth hostel Balmoral Castle · A royal residence in Scotland since Prince Albert bought it in 1853 · Is the Queen's favourite retreat for her late- summer vacation · Alatskivi Castle has been modeled on Balmoral Castle Glamis Castle · a royal residence since 1372
sense of national identity. THE TUDOR DYNASTY ELIZABETH I The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. She died on 24 March 1603 at Richmond Palace. She had no heirs, so after her death the Tudors dynasty ended and the Stuarts Dynasty came to the throne. THE TUDOR DYNASTY In total, five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century. Henry VIII of England was the only maleline male heir of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around the Royal succession (including marriage and the succession rights of women) became major political themes during the Tudor era. The Tudor line failed in 1603.
The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VII (he had 6 wives and great ambitions, he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church), Elizabeth I (her reign was a long and golden one, characterised by intellectual brilliance, flourishing literature and commercial prosperity). The famous explorers were Sir Francis Drake (one of the leaders of the English navy) and Walter Raleigh (he made several journeys to America, wrote books about them, brought potatoes and tobacco to Britain). The House of Stuarts (1603-1714): Guy Fawkes Night dates back to 5 November 1605, when the English Catholics attempted to blow up the King and the Parliament. They failed. The conflict between the Parliament and the kings over power increased and led the country into the Civil War (1642-1651). In the end, Charles I was defeated and executed and Cromwell took up rule of the country, which became a republic. After Cromwell's death, the Stuarts returned to the throne. The House of Hanoverians (1714-1901):
trading flourished. England beat Spanish Armada, under the guidance of Sir Francis Drake, which was thought to be unbeatable. Most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I who had a long and golden reign and whose time the literature flourished. Walter Raleigh was an explorer who was the first to bring potatoes and tobacco to Britain from America. The Stuarts 1603 1714 Exile / 'eksal / pagendus Commemorate / k'memret / mälestust austama On the 5th of November in 1605 English Catholics tried to blow up the King and the Parliament, but they failed. In 1642 the Civil War between the Parliament and the King began. The Parliament won and Oliver Cromwell took up rule of the country. Britain became a republic. Charles I was executed. After Cromwell´s death Charles´s son became the King.
supported Parliament in this fight over who should have sovereign power. After Oliver Cromwell had led the Parliamentarian Roundheads to victory in 1648, Charles I was executed for treason and Cromwell became Lord Protector. England was now a Republic but the monarchy (together with the Anglican Church and the House of Lords) was restored in 1660. The Great Fire of London took place in 1666 and it destroyed most of the city. After the Stuarts the House of Hannover came to throne. The most important ruler of this time was Queen Victoria. During Queen Victoria's sixty-four year reign (1837-1901) the British Empire, led by an array of great statesmen and supported by great industrial expansion, grew to a size so vast that `the sun never sets upon it'. Victoria's long reign saw many changes in British constitutions and the British `way of life'. Her rejection of the amusements and life of the aristocracy enabled the
to respect Scotland's independence. The attempts of English kings to control Scotland had led the Scots to turn to the king of France. Both countries agreed that whenever England attacked one of them, the other would make trouble behind England's back. In 1346 the Scots attacked England, but were defeated & King David II (Bruce's son) was taken prisoner. The French paid ransom. But the Scottish monarcy survived. David's successor was Robert II, the 1st of a new royal line called the Stuarts. Like the English king the Scottish kings were involved in long struggles with their nobles, Scotland experienced plagues, wars. Many kings died James I was murdered in 1437, James II died in an accident before he was 30, James III was murdered in 1488. However, by the end of the 15th cent. it was obvious that Scotland had developed as a nation & was separate country from England. Parliament was first called in 1399, towns grew, education developed.
The reason for this was simple. The Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Commons represented richer and more influential classes than the Lords. In fact, the idea of getting rid of the House of Lords, still a real question in British politics today, was first suggested in the sixteenth century. The old system of representation in the Commons, with two men from each county and two from each town, remained the rule. 68 Under the Stuarts Monarchy Abolished In the seventeenth century economic power moved even faster into the hands of the merchant and landowning classes. In return for their money (taxes) they demanded political power. The Stuart kings James I and Charles I 6 ignored Parliament. The latter prevented it from meeting for 11 years and finally dissolved it (1642). The conflict led to the Civil War. Charles I was tried and executed (1649).
elected English Parliament disagreed. The two sides in the war were those of Charles I and the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell. The Civil War resulted in the following: Charles I was defeated and executed; Cromwell took up rule of the country, which became a republic – the Commonwealth. Cromwell was its Lord Protector until his death. After Cromwell’s death the Stuarts returned to the throne. Charles I’s son was called back from exile and crowned Charles II. However, the Parliament was firmly established by this time and no future monarch would ever seriously challenge its power. 17. Oliver Cromwell. A civil war broke out in 1642 between royalists and parliamentarians (led by Cromwell). Though a man of very little experience, Cromwell excelled at conducting the war
government. Usually drawn from House of Commons and Lords. The ministers have to defend their cabinet desicions in public, whatever their own views The Jacobite rebellions 1708, 1715, 1745 Supporters of the Stuart in exile, James II and his son, mainly in Scotland. Rebelled also out of economic onditions, the superiority of the English Unsuccessfully under the Old Pretender 1708, 15 1745 rebellion was the last effort to restore the Stuarts. The Young Pretender was successful but he refused to set sail for London without French support The Old Pretender, the Chevalier St George The son of the exiled James II Stuart had been proclaimed as James III. He didn´t realise the situation and wanted to restore his dynasty Attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland in 1708, in 1715 Jacobite rising he landed safely after the victory of his followers at Sheriffmuir.
The plays of this period were justly called dramatic poetry. The performance kept close to the norms of colloquial language and that tendency affected the verse and resulted in breaking the regular rhythm of the metre. This breaking became one of the characteristic features of the language of dramatic poetry. The great playwrights of this period modulated the rhythmical pattern of blank verse. A popular form of entertainment at the courts of Elizabeth and the Stuarts was the masque ( ). These masques are believed to be the earliest forms of what is now known as "spoken drama". But the drama of the 17th century itself still holds fast to poetic diction up to the decline of the theatre. The revival of drama began only in the second half of the 18th century, but the ultimate shaping of the play as an independent form of literary work with its own laws of functioning and of language features was actually completed only at the end of the 19th century.
The plays of this period were justly called dramatic poetry. The performance kept close to the norms of colloquial language and that tendency affected the verse and resulted in breaking the regular rhythm of the metre. This breaking became one of the characteristic features of the language of dramatic poetry. The great playwrights of this period modulated the rhythmical pattern of blank verse. A popular form of entertainment at the courts of Elizabeth and the Stuarts was the masque ( ). These masques are believed to be the earliest forms of what is now known as "spoken drama". But the drama of the 17th century itself still holds fast to poetic diction up to the decline of the theatre. The revival of drama began only in the second half of the 18th century, but the ultimate shaping of the play as an independent form of literary work with its
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