Scotland
Although the Caledonian confederacy suffered a
defeat it was not long before the legions abandoned their territorial gains and returned to a line south of the
Solway Firth, later consolidated by the construction of Hadrian's Wall.
Roman commanders subsequently made various attempts to conquer territory to the north of this line, including
the building of the Antonine Wall and the later Severan campaigns but their success was similarly shortlived.
Roman forces ceased to have a significant impact after 211. By the close of the Roman occupation of Britain in
the fifth century the Picts had emerged as the dominant force in northern Scotland, with the various Brythonic
tribes the Romans had first encountered there occupying the southern half of the country.
After preliminary lowscale invasions of the island, the Romans invaded Britain in force in 43 AD, forcing their