TARTU ÜLIKOOL Pärnu kolledž Tiina Orm AÜSR1 SEMANTIC NETWORK Referaat Juhendaja: lektor Taavi Tamberg Pärnu 2013 2 SISUKORD 3 Sissejuhatus Käesoleva referaadi koostamise eesmärgiks oli leida infot semantic networki tarkvaralise keskkonna kohta. Referaadi kirjutajale oli see täiesti võõras teema, seega oli alguses raske isegi sobivaid otsingusõnu leida. Uurimisülesande lahendamiseks otsitakse materjali ainult internetist. Töö koosneb kahest osast. Esimeses osas tuuakse välja lühiajalugu veebi alajoost. Töö teine osa keskendub semantic network´i kirjeldamisele. 4 1. Veebi ajalugu Interneti alguseks peetakse 1993
Kim seems happy. *Kim's as engine as Chris. cf. Kim's as happy as Chris. Kim is an electric engine driver. *Kim is an electrically engine driver. - modifiers cf. Kim is an unbelievably skilful driver. Grammatical category: A grammatical category is an analytical class within the grammar of a language, whose members have the same syntactic distribution and recur as structural unit throughout the language, and which share a common property which can be semantic or syntactic Grammatical categories for nouns: I. Inherent categories for nouns: - number: Eng. dog - dogs Saliba (Austronesian): natu-gu natu-gu-wao child-my child-my-PLURAL - gender or noun class: It. il libro `the book' la casa `the house' Swahili (Niger-Congo): m-tu m-zuri `a nice man' n-yumba n-zuri `a nice house'
Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become parts of set expressions, borrowed words haven't.
distinctions. For example: bachelor – spinster, mother – father, uncle – aunt etc. There are morphologically marked nouns that have gender distinctions. For example: prince – princess, god – goddess Case → Case is a grammatical category that shows a syntactic and semantic relation between the word the case applies to and the rest of the elements of the sentence. According to traditional English grammar, there is only one case that applies to the noun. It is called the genitive (or possessive). This case can be recognised by the ending –‘s. Some of the semantic functions of –s’ are:
2 material can be recalled, we can infer that there are two distinct types of memory – one for short-team and one for long-term storage. The Modules of Memory. Declarative memory is memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like. Procedural memory (sometimes referred to as “nondeclative memory”) refers to memory for skills and habits such as riding a bike. Semantic memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic for deducing other facts. Episodic memory is memory for the biographical details of our individual lives. Explicit memory refers to international or conscious recollection of information. Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior. Levels of Processing.
corroboration in terms of severe testing with particular aims in mind may rationalize but A systematic structural analysis of the key concepts in science would yield what fictionalize scientific practice. /.../ some authors have referred to as a "theory of science." It would provide not only /.../ unifying threads among diverse disciplines, but clear structural or formal lines of 5. Syntactic, Semantic, and Pragmatic. Fifth, in the task of analyzing or demarcation. /.../ explicating key concepts in science, three distinct approaches have been devised, with 1 technical names: "syntactic," "semantic," and "pragmatic
words. (nt, autumn pushed harvest out, harvest tähendas nii sügist kui ka viljalõikust) 4. Motivation. Folk etymology. Motivation reflects some feature of an object in a word (nt, cucoo! Duck ducan (sukelduma)). Types of mot: a)phonetics- called sound imitation (onomatopoeia), (nt, murmur, bang, giggle, whistle). b)morphologial mot- the meaning of a word is motivated by the meaning of morphemes(separate elements), (nt, speak-er, ice-cream, beauty-ful) c)semantic mot is based on the coexistance of the direct and figurative meanings(nt, the nose of the boat) d)faded vs clear mot new words are always motivated. (nt, ööbik-nighttingale, knight ja singer). Time goes, motivation shanges. If motivation is not clear, people try to give their own explanation. Folk etymology-when motivation is not clear, people give their own explanation to a certain extent. It is folk etmymology
g. kangabloody- roo, abso-blooming-lutely. Thus we could say that English has a process of infixation of (certain) words, but there are no bound morphemes that qualify for infix status. Such forms raise two questions. The first is what structural properties these infixed derivatives have, and the second is whether we should consider this type of infixation as part of English word-formation component or not. From a phonological point of view these forms are completely regular. From a semantic point of view, one could perhaps argue that expletive infixation does not create a new lexeme because the core meaning of the base word is not affected. However, the derived word tells us something about the speaker’s attitude, which is a newmeaning. Treating expletive infixation as regular wordformation is also in wline with the idea…that diminutives (like doggy) and augmentatives (like super-cool) are instances of wordformation.
Edasised tegemised Esimene veebileht loodi CERNis. See tutvustas protokolli World Wide Web, seda, kuidas kasutada veebibrauserit ja kuidas teha enda veebiserverit. See oli ka maailma esimene veebikataloog, sest Berners-Lee haldas süsteemi teistestki serveritest peale enda oma. 2004. aasta detsembris võttis ta vastu pakutud töökoha Southhamptoni ülikoolis infotehnoloogia vallas elektroonika ja arvutiteaduse alal, et töötada oma uue projekti Semantic Web kallal. Tunnustus Tim Berners Lee on saanud üle 40 erineva auhinna ning tunnustuse üle maailma. 2004. aastal löödi ta rüütliks globaalse interneti arendamise eest. Time Magazine on teda nimetanud "One of the 100 greatest minds of the century", Daily Telegraph nimetas ta suurimaks elavaks geeniuseks. Kirjandus Tim Berners-Lee and the Development of the World Wide Web (Unlocking the
5. Give rise to Põhjustama Märkima, teatavaks 6. Denote tegema 7. Oblique Kaudne, viltune 8. Utilization Kasutamine, kasutus 9. Transmitter Andur 10. Subsequent Järgnev 11. Unobstruced Avatud 12. Aggregate Ühendama, kogum 13. Aptly Võimekalt, asjakohaselt 14. Semantic agreement Sisuline ühildumine 15. Leverage Mõjujõud 16. Proliferate Vohama 17. Concurrent Samaaegne 18. Irrevocably Pöördumatult 19. Prerequisite Eeltingimus 20. Outsourcing Väljasttellimine 21. Alliance Liit 22. Enhancement Täiustus Tihendamine, 23. Consolidation
Truth conditions reconceived 126 Advantages over Davidson's view 129 Remaining objections 131 Summary 133 Questions 133 Further reading 133 Part III: Pragmatics and speech acts 135 11 Semantic pragmatics 137 Overview 137 Semantic pragmatics vs. pragmatic pragmatics 138 The problem of deixis 139 The work of semantic pragmatics 141 Summary 143 Questions 143 Further reading 143
constituents. They are more common in the English language. They have the same syntactic function as one of the constituents. o Cold water, greenhouse, skyrocket, trash talk, Exocentric compounds are the kind whose distribution is not the same as that of any of its constituents. They don’t have the same syntactic function as any of their constituents. o Redcap, paleface, bittersweet (noun) 31. Meaning change Meaning change or semantic shift is a process of a word’s meaning taking place over time. There is a general tendency for words to develop new meanings and to relinquish other meanings over time. Much of this change occurs not in isolation but in relation to other words whose meanings are changing in other ways. Meat once meant ‘food in general’ while flesh had a wider coverage than at present, taking in both living flesh and dead flesh as food.
suhtlema(Kidron 2004, 13). Inimesed ei saa kunagi suhtlemisel astutud samme kustutada: kord väljaöeldud lauset ega repliiki kinni püüda enam ei saa. Öeltut saab hilisemalt küll mõnevõrra muuta seletuste ja vabanduste teel kuid suhtlus alguspunkti need enam inimesi ei vii. 4 Joonis1. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-semantic/) Toodud mudel kujutab endast subjekt-objekt-tüüpi suhete kirjeldust. Subjekt on vaid sõnumi lähetaja.Teabe saajale on jäetud objekti osa. 5 3. SUHTEPROBLEEMID Suhteprobleemid võivad tekkida suvaliste inimeste vahel: ülemuse ja alluva, kolleegide, osakondade ja ka meeskonnaliikmete. On erinevaid suhtlusprobleeme, need võivad olla
Near-synonym- nearly similar meaning Cognitive-nt I´m firm, you are subbourn 18) antonyms Opposite meaning. Contrary antonyms- gradable. Long-short Complementary- ungradable. Dead-alive Converse antonyms- relational by/sell, lend/ borrow 19) hypernyms and hyponyms Hyponym- a word phrase or lexeme of narrower or mre specific meaning that comes under another- a wider or more general meaning. A rose is a hyponym but a flower is a hypernym. 20) Meronym Semantic realtion used in linguistic. Meronymy means a part of a whole. Tree/forest, finger/hand 21) syntagmatic relation Complete lingustic unit- relation between complex object and their parts, or between the prts of these objects and other parts. First of all- immediant dominance: X'', X'. Second linear precedence: subject < verb. Third: sentence functions: subject, object, indirect object.... . fourth government relations: head, odifies, complement. Fifth: binding relations i saw John,
(E.g. loss of final v in 'of' before consonants - ,,lots of them" Linking linking r ,,here are" and intrusive r ,,media event". A falling tone descends from a higher to a lower pitch A rising tone a movement from a lower pitch to a higher one NB! In tone languages pitch is a phonemic feature. In intonation languages the intonation of the phrase or sentence is contrasted. Pitch contour intonation of the phrase or sentence. Intonation contours may reflect semantic or syntactic differences. 5 clearly discernible intonation patterns of single syllables in English fall, rise, rise-fall, fall-rise, level. Speech -> utterances -> tone-units ->feet -> syllables ->phonemes Tone-unit components - (pre-head); (head); Tonic Syllable;(tail). E.g. she LIVES in LONdon Tone-unit structure: · The head a part of the tone unit that extends from the first stressed syllable up to the tonic syllable, but the latter is not included
The validation sample (e.g., 200 cases) is used to evaluate the results from the first set of estimates. Most AES developers use multiple regression to create their models, but one developer uses multiple statistical techniques, and then selects the one that explains the most variance. In the second approach, the evaluation of content may be accomplished through the specification of vocabulary (i.e., the evaluation of the other aspects of writing is performed as described above). Latent Semantic Analysis and its variants are employed by some developers to provide estimates as to how close the vocabulary in the candidate answer is to a targeted vocabularly set. The third approach is to develop models that are based on a "gold standard" formulated by experts. To date this mechanism for developing models is more theoretical than applied. If normative models can be created for the relevant dimensions of writing (i.e
XML standard ütleb, kuidas teksti int sumto(int n) { struktuuri märgistada. Üllatavalt lihtne. Väga levinud ja ei ilmuta kadumise märke: vastupidi. XML ei ole: int i,sum = 0; Programmeerimiskeel. Mida intelligentset või automaatset. Imevahend. Kasutu. for(i=0; i<=n; i=i+1) Berners-Lee Semantic Web Project: Eesmärk: pakkuda XML-põhiseid keeli ja luua standardeid, mille abil kirjeldada asju sum = sum + i; (internetis) ja (XML) keeltevahelisi seoseid. Soovitav tulemus: saab teha tarkvara, mille abil XML-datat saab ühest return sum; programmist teise saata, nii et info kaduma ei lähe.
mõtlemine: paljude vastuste genereerimine Sõnade voolavus b22. Convergent Thinking (konvergentne mõtlemine) : ühe lahenduse genereerimine Piltide järjestus b3. Evaluation (hindamine): avastatud ja kasutatud info vastavuse, õigsuse jne. hindamine Etteantud sümboli leidmine teiste seas 2) Contents ( sisu): (5) millise infoga on tegemist? Symbolic (sümbolid), arvud Semantic (semantika), sõnad Behavioral (käitumine), teiste käitumine Auditory (audio), helid Visual (visuaalne), pildid 3) Products (resultaat): (6) milleni viib operatsiooni rakendamine ? · Units (ühikud), info ühikud sõnade genereerimine · Classes (klassid), ühisosa erinevatel elementidel sõnade klassifitseerimine · Relations (suhted), elementide vahelised seosed suurem, pildimaatriks · Systems (süsteemid=tervik), paljude ühikutega tervik
mõtlemine: paljude vastuste genereerimine Sõnade voolavus b22. Convergent Thinking (konvergentne mõtlemine) : ühe lahenduse genereerimine Piltide järjestus b3. Evaluation (hindamine): avastatud ja kasutatud info vastavuse, õigsuse jne. hindamine Etteantud sümboli leidmine teiste seas 2) Contents ( sisu): (5) millise infoga on tegemist? Symbolic (sümbolid), arvud Semantic (semantika), sõnad Behavioral (käitumine), teiste käitumine Auditory (audio), helid Visual (visuaalne), pildid 3) Products (resultaat): (6) milleni viib operatsiooni rakendamine ? · Units (ühikud), info ühikud sõnade genereerimine · Classes (klassid), ühisosa erinevatel elementidel sõnade klassifitseerimine · Relations (suhted), elementide vahelised seosed suurem, pildimaatriks · Systems (süsteemid=tervik), paljude ühikutega tervik
Uilatavalt lihtne. Vega levinud ja ei ilmuta kadumise merke: vastupidi. XML ei ole: fq(i=O; i<=h; i=i+1) Programmeerimisk*|. Mida intelligentset v6i automaatset. lmevahend. Kasutu. I 9-lll - Esiilretrc frtnsistor(Shocklev) Bermr6{ee Semantic Web Project: Eesmark: pakkuda XML-p6hiseid keeli ia lula standardeid, mille abil kirjeldada asju teturn sumi (intemetis) ja (XML) keeltevahelisi seoseid. Soovitav tulemus: saab teha tarkvara, mille abil XMl-datat saab 0hest 1950 - ERA ll0l
island. However, those of African/Malagasy and French origin are the ones usually classified as being ethnically Creole. 10 Languages A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originated from a mixture of various languages. The lexicon of a creole language consists of cognates from the parent languages, though there are often clear phonetic and semantic shifts. On the other hand, the grammar often has original features and may differ substantially from those of the parent languages. Some examples: Arabic-based creole languages,Dutch-based creole languages, English-based creole languages, French-based creole languages, Singdarin, Chinese-based creole languages, German-based creole languages, Malay-based creole languages, Ngbandi-based creole languages, Portuguese-based creole languages, Spanish-based creole languages and some
see toimuda standardiseeritud vaatlusskeemi järgi või olla paindlik; võib keskkond olla loomulik või spetsiaalselt kohandatud (laboris); võib objektiks olla uurija ise (enesevaatlus) või teised. 15. Milliste meetoditega saab mõõta põhjuslikku seost? Põhjuslikkuse seost saab kontrollida ainult eksperimendiga. 16. Mis on semantiline diferentsiaal? Tooge näiteid Semantiline diferentsiaalskaala (Semantic Differential Scale, Osgood Scale) Kategoriaalse, mittevõrdleva skaala tüüp, milles on kaks vastandlikku adjektiivi eraldatud üksteisele järgnevate nimetamata kategooriatega. Hea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Halb. Sisaldab tähendust vastaja jaoks. Osgoodi originaali kasutatakse suhteliselt vähe. Sagedamini kasutatakse bipolaarset skaalat kus ühel pool on üks vastand, teisel pool on teine vastand. Keskel on neutraalne. Kaubamärgi uuringud nt. Hinnangud on semantilise tähendusega
Asendab kohtvõrgu liikluses TCP+IP *Optimiseeritud väikeste kohtvõrkude jaoks *Kiire *Hea veakindlus *Pole marsruuditav *Palju liiklust üldaadressile NetBIOS NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) Võimaldab seansi ja datagrammi tüüpi ühendust Pakub nimeteenust Masina nimi kuni 15 tähte, hierarhiata Meetodid nime teisendamiseks IP aadressiks: küsib WINS serverilt (nimede ja IP aadrsside andmebaas) Küsimine üldlevi aadressil LMHOSTS ja HOSTS fail DNS päring Semantic web: projekt Eesmärk: pakkuda andmete esitamise keeli ja luua standardeid, mille abil kirjeldada asju (internetis) Soovitav tulemus: saab teha tarkvara, mille abil datat saab kergesti ühest programmist teise saata, nii et info ja mõte kaduma ei lähe. Esmajoones vaja: objektide kirjeldamise keel mõistete omavaheliste seoste ja reeglite keel Üldiselt järgmist tüüpi tegevused, nende sageduse kaupa eesti IT firmade osas (levinult vähemlevinule):
Coordinating conjunctions he worked hard. (subordinate) (coordinators; and, but, or) join linguistic units with equal grammatical status. Subordinating conjunctions (subordinators; although, after, as, because, before, since, when) indicate the semantic relationship between a subordinate clause and a main clause. interjection hüüdsõna, A term for exclamatory words or expressive Gosh! That's quick. interjektsioon vocalisations used to express emotional reactions such as surprise, shock, delight (Oh! Ouch! Oops! Wow!).
ilma takistusteta. Vokaalid on häälikud, mis moodustatakse häälekurdude osalusel ja nii, et õhuvool pääseb suust pidevalt ning takistuseta välja. Konsonandid on häälikud, mille moodustamisel tekitatakse suuõõnes või huultel mingi osaline või täielik takistus. 107. Semantika metakeele rakendamine tähenduse seletamine Loomulik semantiline metakeel ehk NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) on semantilise komponentanalüüsiga umbes samal ajal tekkinud leksikaalse dekompositsiooni meetod, mille alusepanijaks on poola lingvist Andrzej Boguslawski ja hilisem tuntuim edasiarendaja samuti poola päritolu, kuid tänapäeval Austraalias elav ja töötav Anna Wierzbicka (nt 1996). NSMi aluseks on samuti oletus universaalsete tähenduskomponentide olemasolust, kuid neid komponente ei peeta
grammatiliselt õigeid lauseid ja ainult neid. Süvastruktuur tähenduse struktuur Pindstruktuur foneetika, morfoloogia. Base component PS /phrasestructure/ rules Lexicon Deep structure Semantic interpretation Transformational component Syntactic surface structure Phonological component Phonological form (Chomski joonis oma teooria kohta) Generatiivne semantika. Chomsky järgne noorem põlvkond (G. Lakoff, J
Selle tähenduskirjelduse all leidub erinevaid meetodeid, nt. loogiline komponentanalüüs: • tähendust kandvad sõnad defineeritakse lause piires • mitmesõnaliste väljendite tähendused avatakse osade kaudu, s.t. kompositsionaalselt. • sõnatasandil on sellise lähenemisviisi kohaselt võimalik jagada sõnad semantilisteks koostisosadeks (primitiivideks) Anna Wierzbicka (s. 1938) loonud eri keelte semantiliste primitiivide kirjeldamiseks näitliku metakeele NSM (natural semantic metalanguage), mis koosnebki semantilistest primitiividest. Algselt vaid 14, hilisemates töödes kuni 60 primitiivi, nt. • mentaalsed predikaadid (MÕTLEMA, TEADMA, TUNDMA) • tegevused ja sündmused (TEGEMA, JUHTUMA) • hinnangud (HEA, HALB) • omadused (SUUR, VÄIKE) • aeg (ENNE, PÄRAST, KUI) • substantsi väljendajad (MINA, KEEGI, MISKI, INIMENE) • Seemanalüüs – lähtub sõnatähenduste vähimateks universaalseteks tunnusteks lahutatavuse ideest
toimetavad käänded. Kokku moodustavadki sellise süsteemi, et kus ühildumine lõpeb, algab kääne. 24. Hierarhiad ja semantilised kaardid (üldiselt) Hierarhiate olemus: - annab võimaluse öelda, millised kombinatsioonid võivad esineda ja millised mitte Tänapäeval: semantiline kaart (semantic map) Kontseptuaalne ruum (conceptual space) kõik võimalikud eristused, mida inimene on suuteline tegema Semantiline kaart tegelikud eristused, mida mingi keel või keeled ühe semantilise ruumi piires teevad 25. Elusushierarhia. Nt soome keeles tehakse elususe hierarhia põhjal vahet käändega, nt autossa on
g. "Her love letters I returned to the detective."), or adjectives coming after the noun (e.g. "Spring begins with the first flowers, cold, and shy, and wintry."), or the subordinate clause coming before the main clause, the subject becoming emphatic (e.g. "Whether she changes or does not change, I do not care."). (9) IV. Syntactic structures beyond one sentence 1. Syntactic parallelism is repeating word order to enhance the semantic and rhythmic effectiveness. a) complete parallelism the word order is completely the same (e.g. "In the beginning, blankness. In the end, voidness.") b) partial parallelism some deviations from the pattern. 2. Antithesis is the opposition of 2 strongly contrasted ideas combined with syntactic parallelism (e.g. "I am the poet of the body / I am the poet of the soul.")
Kasutusmalli saab käivitada järgmiste rollide poolt Vali üks või enam: a. Esmane äriline roll (primary business actor) b. Kõrvalseisja roll (external receiver actor) c. Esmane süsteemne roll (primary system actor) d. Väline teenindaja roll (external server actor) e. Aeg Küsimus 16 Objektide leidmiseks kasutatakse kasutusmalli stsenaariumi tekstid. Tehnika, mille abil stsenaariumi tekstis identifitseeritakse objektid, on Vali üks: a. Object-oriented analysis b. Textual analysis c. Semantic analysis d. Syntax analysis e. Business analysis Küsimus 17 Erinevate formaatide võrdlus: Funktsionaalsuse ja informatiivsuse poolest System Analysis Narrative formaat (Whitten&Bentley 2007) vastab Fully Dressed formaadile (Larman 2004). Vali üks: Tõene Väär Küsimus 18 Whitten&Bentley (2007) pakuvad järgmised stsenaariumi kirjeldamise formaadi Vastus 1 Tekst annab tegevuse kirjelduse, kuid ei tee
e.g ,,What do you feel now?" ,,Hatred," she said, her voice trembling with pleasure. 6 Inherent connotations may become different in the context, that is positive words may become negative and vice versa. e.g ,,What attracts me to him is his unique dishonesty. Honest people are so boring." Oscar Wilde Expressive features of separate parts of speech 1 Nouns are based on the unusual use of the number, case, and pronoun substitions. In other words, on a transfer of nouns from one lexico-semantic group to another. This is found in personification. Observing parts in which objects, animals are endowed (given) with human feelings, actions, the ability to think or speech. In this case, the noun that is personified, changes its usual connections with other words. e.g The wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away. Another case of transfer is zoonymic metaphors, that is names of animals, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotional and often offensive. e
negative and vice versa (e.g. "What attracts me to him is his singular dishonesty (becomes positive). Honest (becomes negative) people are so boring."). STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY Expressive features of separate part of speech: NOUNS: The expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution (e.g. "man" is `he', "woman" is `she' it is normal). On a transposition of nouns from one semantic group to another this is observed in personification, in which objects, natural phenomenon and animals are attributed with human feelings, thoughts, or speech. Here the noun changes its usual connection with pronouns and also its lexical combinability (e.g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects). Another case of transposition is zoonymic metaphor. Names of animals, birds, fantastic
leveled at the multi-store model. Instead of concentrating on the stores/structures involved, this theory concentrates on the processes involved in memory. The basic idea is that memory is just what happens as a result of processing information. There are three ways to process information: 1) Structural processing: we encode only the physical qualities of something. 2) Phonemic processing: we encode the sound of something. 3) Semantic processing: we encode the meaning of something and relate it to some other words that have the same (or a personal) meaning. Craik and Tulving investigated how the levels of processing influence memory. Participants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of three questions. Some questions required the participants to process the word in a deep way and others in a shallow way. Then they were given a list of 180 words,
mistõttu täpset konstrueerimiseeskirja anda pole võimalik. Siinkirjeldatud üldised põhimõtted üritasid kaardistada mängumaad, mille piires see toimub. Konstrueerimise põhimõtted modelleerimise ning juhtimise kontekstis leiavad lähemat käsitlust järgnevates peatükkides. Kasutatud kirjandus 36 Kasutatud kirjandus 1. Zadeh, L.A. (1965), "Fuzzy Sets," Information and Control, vol. 8, pp. 338-353. 2. de Oliveira J.V (1999) "Semantic constraints for membership function optimization". IEEE Trans. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 128 -138. 3. Zadeh L.A. (1973), "Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes," IEEE Trans. On Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 3, pp. 28-44. 4. Babuska, R. (1997), Fuzzy Modeling and Identification, Ph.D. dissertation. Technical University of Delft, Delft. 5. Riid, A. and Rüstern, E. (2003), "On the interpretability and
Viited Garfield, E. (1980). Essays of an information scientist, Vol. 3. Philadelphia: ISI Press. Garfield, E. (1992). Psychology research 1986-1990: A citationist perspective on the highest impact papers, institutions, and authors. Current Contents, 24(41), 5-15. Nyberg, L., Cabeza, R., & Tulving, E. (1996). PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 135-148. Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E.Tulving & W.Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Tulving, E. (1994). Mälu. Tallinn: Kupar. Tulving, E. (Ed.) (2000). Memory, consciousness, and brain. The Tallinn Conference. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1-25. Tulving, E. & Craik, F.I.M.(Eds.) (2000)
assostsioonidega seotult brändi lubaduste mäletamist. Tajumine kui protsess Kuidas pilk liigub? • Modelli pilgu suunas ... • Tumedalt heledale • Värviliselt värvitule • Liikuvalt liikumatule • Vasakult paremale Huumor reklaamis Huumor – konstrueeritud või isekujundatud tavatu situatsioon, märkide kombinatsioon või positsioon, millel on eeldus kutsuda esile spetsiifilist psüühilist reaktsiooni. Victor Raskin “semantic mechanism of humor” Huumor on universaalne inimjoon On osa inimkäitumisest On osa inimvõimetest On osa inimkompetentsist, nagu seda on keel, moraal, loogika, usk jne Huumoriakti asetleidmise eelised: Inimosalised - inimene võib emotsioone üle kanda kõigele; ehk inimene võib naerda potilillega, tuulega jne. Ka loomadel on huumoritaju. Stiimul (koostoimes osalistega) – kujunenud TH situatsioon, mingi juhtumus
-inklusioon -identsus -separatsioon (eristus) -assotsatsioon (seoses mingi tingimuse alusel) + aktiivstsoonid: punkt, joon, pind (välis-, üla-, ala-, sisepind) järjend sisu (sisemus) serv~äär ümbrus metakeele näide : wierzbica semantilised primitiidid (defineerimatud, jagamatud - selle primitiimide hulgaga saab kirjelda ära kogu keele) - Natural Semantic Language polüseemia semantika klassik (J. Lyons - 1977) polüseemia seletused homonüümia kaudu: pearõhk homonüümia-polüseemia eristamisel lyonsil polüseem "one lexem with different senses" ; ent "polüseem" = polüseemiline sõna, üksus. polüseemia kognitiivses lingivistikas (kasutatakse näitamiseks võrgustikke) plüseemi prototüüpsed tähendused teeb suitsu / kana söömine / istub hästi kojamehe luud on nurga peal maas / lase mind nurga peal maha / ma
· Abbreviations (Mo--moment; posish) · Compounds based on repetition (hoity-toity; chit-chat) · Intensifiers (horribly smart) the result is often an oxymoron. · Words with a wide range of application (thing, stuff.) · Phrasal verbs--nouns converted from phrasal verbs (a show-off, a break-through) · Proverbs, sayings, idioms · Time fillers (you see; I mean 12. Special literary vocabulary Terms--belong to scientific discourse (spinal chord; syntax, Semantic) Outside their direct application the function of terms changes. In fiction terms are used in order to: · Reflect a true-to-life atmosphere of some profession · Indicate the character's educational status and background. · Create irony and humour. It happens when the terms are used in everyday context. Foreign words do not belong to English vocabulary; they are parts of another language. (Mein Gott, interessant, soleil)
nähtamatut abstraktset. Tähenduste kujunemine Etümoloogiad · Grammatiseerumine · Ülekannete süstemaatilisus. Kognitiivsed ~ tunnetuslikud põhisuhted (Langacker, Talmy) Inklusioon Identsus Separatsioon Assotsiatsioon Näiteid semantilistest metakeeltest: Langacker kognitiivse grammatika joonised Wierzbicka semantilised primitiivid Natural Semantic Metalanguage NSM Polüseemia e mitmetähenduslikkus Lyons: polüseem "one lexeme with different senses" "polüseem" = polüseemiline sõna, - üksus Polüseemia kognitiivses lingvistikas Seletada püütakse eri tähenduste vahel olevate sarnasuste ja seoste kaudu. Polüseemi prototüüpsed tähendused... Nali siis, kui tegelik paigutusvaldkond erineb oodatavast/eeldatust Keelemängukoomiksid, reklaamid · Tekst, diskursus, tekstilingvistika, diskursuseanalüüs
ise on defineerivatud. Meel mõisted Keel Referaat Paneme maailma mõistetesse ja siis keelde Kognitiivsed ~ tunnetuslikud põhisuhted (Langacker, Talmy) Inklusioon Identsus Separatsioon Assotsiatsioon Näiteid semantilistest metakeeltest: Langacker kognitiivse grammatika joonised Wierzbicka semantilised primitiivid Natural Semantic Metalanguage NSM Polüseemia e mitmetähenduslikkus Lyons: polüseem "one lexeme with different senses" "polüseem" = polüseemiline sõna, üksus Polüseemia kognitiivses lingvistikas Seletada püütakse eri tähenduste vahel olevate sarnasuste ja seoste kaudu. Polüseemi prototüüpsed tähendused... Nali tekib siis, kui tegelik paigutusvaldkond erineb oodatavast/eeldatust. Paigutusvaldkond on sinna see tasside katse. Keelemängukoomiksid, reklaamid Näide
a way of life’. Consequently, I suggest that the term lifestyle traveller affords a rich conceptual tool with which to interrogate the proposition of backpacker tourism as a way of life, providing a means of both identifying this lifestyle group from within a broader social mix and understanding how backpacker consumption practices can be assembled into a meaningful personal identity. With regards to my semantic use of ‘traveller’ instead of ‘tourist’, debate over a distinction in these words amongst backpackers has received considerable attention elsewhere (see Dann, 1999; O’Reilly, 2005). It is reported that backpacker tourists mostly either reject the tourist and backpacker labels altogether in exchange for self-identification as ‘travellers’ (Davidson, 2005; Welk, 2004) or, less often, identify themselves as travellers whilst fundamentally still
After,querys go to mashinecode.Convert verification-safe code. Assembly is a partially compiled code library for use in deployment, versioning and security. Two types, process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). Process assembly use classes from library assemblies. Summary:assembly=component;MS computing distributes among servers and clients via .Net assemblies; .NET more versatile than DCOM+; Asseblies interoperable among MS languages. 4. Relationships I Association (Models a semantic connection among classes) – Aggregation (A special form of association that models a whole-part relationship between an aggregate (the whole) and its parts) – Composition (A form of aggregation with strong ownership and coincident lifetimes) II Dependency III Generalization IV Realization I Association: Multiplicity and Navigation • Multiplicity defines how many objects participate in a relationships – The number of instances of one class related to ONE instance of the other class
developed for himself, with the aim of allowing people to work together by combining their knowledge in a global web of hypertext documents. With this idea in mind, Berners-Lee designed both the first World Wide Web server and browser -- available to the general public in 1991. First web server address: info.cern.ch Berners-Lee founded the W3 Consortium, which coordinates World Wide Web development. www.w3c.org. Active in semantic web project 1990 :TBL browser, runs on NeXT 1990 WWW taustaks: mis oli ja mis ei Oli selleks ajaks: Hulk aega olemas olnud internet Email, ftp, gopher ja muud failivahetussüsteemid internetis Apple’i HyperCard (umbes nagu html, aga ühe masina piires) Ja olid varased ideed, mida ei realiseeritud: Vannevar Bushi ideed aastast 1945, Doug Engelbarti klassikaline demo 1960-
consumption habits in clothing, haircuts, makeup and styles among women; 4) based on the research, do the conclusion about the changes of womens’ preferences, and give your own suggestions to companies of beauty treatment area, service- and sales corporations,some suggestions to a female consumer about supplementing their beauty standards also. This is a final paper in which a combine method is used. In order to complete this research, semantic-differential survey has been carried out. The objects of study are women living in Estonia whose age is at least 25 years. 110 enquiries have been analyzed. As the results and conclusions of the final paper, it may be pointed out that the women from all over Estonia, who were examined, were mainly in the age group from 25 to 45 years. Majority of women has an income over 650€, which leads to a conclusion that compared to 2010th year’s statistical data, there has been a wage
Kinnitan, et olen koostanud ise käesoleva lõputöö ning toonud korrektselt välja teiste autorite ja toetajate panuse. Töö on koostatud lähtudes Tartu Ülikooli haridusteaduste instituudi lõputöö nõuetest ning on kooskõlas heade akadeemiliste tavadega. Tekstiloomeoskuse õpetamine 47 Kasutatud kirjandus Adams C, Bishop D. (1989). Conversational characteristics of children with semantic- pragmatic disorder. I: Exchange structure, turntaking, repairs and cohesion. British Journal of Disorders of Communication 24, 211-239. Botting, N (2002) Narrative as a tool for the assesment of linguistic and pragmatic impairments. Child Language Teaching & Therapy, 1-22. Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1997). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (2nd ed). New York: Wiley. Davies, P.; Shanks, B., Davies, K. (2004). Improving Narrative Skills in Young Children
Divergent Thinking (divergentne mõtlemine: paljude vastuste genereerimine . Sõnade voolavus b22. Convergent Thinking (konvergentne mõtlemine) : ühe lahenduse genereerimine. Piltide järjestus b3. Evaluation (hindamine): avastatud ja kasutatud info vastavuse, õigsuse jne. hindamine Etteantud sümboli leidmine teiste seas 2) Contents ( sisu): (5) millise infoga on tegemist? Symbolic (sümbolid), arvud Semantic (semantika), sõnad Behavioral (käitumine), teiste käitumine Auditory (audio), helid Visual (visuaalne), pildid 3) Products (resultaat): (6) milleni viib operatsiooni rakendamine ? Units (ühikud), info ühikud sõnade genereerimine Classes (klassid), ühisosa erinevatel elementidel sõnade klassifitseerimine Relations (suhted), elementide vahelised seosed suurem, pildimaatriks
· vastuste õigest tõlgendamisest. Kui neid meetodeid oskuslikult kasutada, siis kindlustavad need hoopis põhjalikuma pildi hoiakutest ja emotsioonidest kui otsesed meetodid. Otsesed meetodid Hoiakute mõõtmise otsesed meetodid on oma põhilähenemiselt küllaltki sarnased ja seepärast piirdume neist kahe enamkasutatava tutvustamisega: semantiline eristamine ja nõusoleku skaala. · Semantiline eristamine (semantic differential). Iga respondent näitab oma hoiakut antud subjekti kohta vastandomadussõnade kaudu. Seda lähenemist 28 iseloomustavad joonisel 12 toodud ostjate hoiakute mõõtmiste tulemused kahe lillepoe kohta. 51 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . Kallis ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Odav
kaduma ei lähe. •Esmajoones vaja: .objektide kirjeldamise keel .mõistete omavaheliste seoste ja reeglite keel •Projekti juht: Tim Berners-Lee (http, www ja esimese brauseri autor, w3c juht). ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 28 Idee •Tim Berners Lee (1999): I have a dream for the Web in which computers become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web –the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A „Semantic Web., which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to- day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The „intelligent agents. people have touted for ages will finally materialize. ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 29 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/W3c_semantic_web_stack.jpg Semantilise veebi kihid •Ülevalt alla: .Tõestuste keel .Täisloogika .Ontoloogiad
2: Complex and derived constructions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Luc van Doorslaer 2009. Risking conceptual maps: Mapping as a keywords-related tool underlying the online Translation Studies Bibliography. – Luc Van Doorslaer ja Yves Gambier (toim.), The Metalanguage of Translation. Benjamins Current Topics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 27–43. Helge Dyvik 1998. A translational basis for semantics. Language and Computers, 24, 51–86. Helge Dyvik 2004. Translations as semantic mirrors: from parallel corpus to wordnet. Language and computers, 49 (1), 311–326. Eesti Väitlusselts 2008. Arutlev haridus: Eesti Väitlusseltsi õpik. Tallinn: Eesti Väitlusselts. Kirjandus 261 Birgitta Englund Dimitrova, That’s close! On translators, interpreters, researchers, texts and their interrelations, Ljubljana 2007. Mati Erelt, Reet Kasik, Helle Metslang, Henno Rajandi, Kristiina Ross,
blah blah blah blah blah R !"#$%&'()*+'' ,-&.'/0,.'/1%&&*2"3&-4",-56'7,38$/"-# P NODE 1 LINK NODE 2 KNOWLEDGE concept 1 semantic concept 2 association subjective map STACK card 1 button card 2 multimedia INFORMATICS computer 1 telecomm- computer 2
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