problem has been faced by more than a few authors all over the world. As already mentioned, possible approaches are presented in a chronological order so that the main improvements brought by researchers are time-streamed. 8 2. 2D IMAGING METHODS BASED ON THRESHOLDING The main idea of almost all the papers dealing with 2D imaging methods is to perform pills detection using image segmentation [1] i.e. the process of partitioning the original image into multiple segments including fabric background and pills. This process is usually, in its turn, aimed at determining parameters such as the number and the density of pills and/or the area occupied by the pills on the fabric surface. Once this task is performed, pilling grade is obtained as a parameter inferred from the number of pills, or by comparing the pilled fabric with a reference fabric (either with or without pills)
Allophones - are the actual pronunciations of phonemes in different environments. Complementary distribution phonetic units that never occur in the same environment are said to be in complementary distribution. For example, clear/l/ and dark/l/. NB! The sounds we produce and hear are continuous: we move our organs of speech continuously and produce a continuous signal still it is possible to divide speech into units, which is called segmentation. The sounds of languages can be produced by: pushing air out of the lungs through the vocal tract (pulmonic, egressive) sucking the air into the mouth (ingressive) NB! Without air we cannot produce sound. There are two classes of sounds: consonants vowels Consonants are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs. Vowels are produced so that the airstream is relatively unobstructed. NB
9.survey research- a questionnaire where people are answering to some questions 10.behavioural data - information about what people actually buy and use ( it can be opposite to what they say they buy) 11.experimental research - carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis KNOWING YOUR CUSTOMERS II 1.A segment - a group of customers with similar characteristics, needs and requirements 2.behavioural segmentation - customer's segmentation which depends on when, why and how often they buy a particular product 3.demographic segmentation - customer's segmentation which depends on age, occupation and social class 4.actualisers - successful people who don't mind to spend their money on expensive things they want and like 5.strugglers - elderly people who are poorer and who have loyalty to familiar brands 6.experiencers - young people who spend a lot of money on their image( clothes, music etc.). they
*Company and consumer are independent because no matter how else the organisation runs itself cost-effecitively and sensibly, if the product is not selling well then the money simply will not be coming in. *Successful product management depend on the organisation knowing how and if the current product range meets consumer and organisational objectives. *One way if the current product range meets consumer and organisational objectives is to conduct detailed benefit analysis segmentation. *Differences between strategy and tactical activities are: strategy is long-term planning and tactical is short-term planning. *Product-market strategy represent a decision about the current and future direction of the organisation. *To minimise costs at the outset, a sound marketing approach will usually attempt to increase profits and cash flow from existing markets. *Heinz revamped its marketing strategy to increase consumption of its tinned soups.
eessuuste ja lülijalgsete vahel. 11 Kasutatud kirjandus Budd, G. E. 2002. A palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem. 417. 271 275. [online] (http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.tlu.ee/nature/journal/v417/n6886/full/417271a.html) (07.03.2012) Eriksson, B. J., Budd, G. E., 2000. Onychophoran cephalic nerves and their bearing on our understanding of head segmentation and stem-group evolution of Arthropoda. 29, 3. 197- 209. [online] (http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.tlu.ee/science/article/pii/S146780390000027X) (07.03.2012) Eriksson, B. J., Tait, N. N., Budd, G. E., Akam, M. 2009. The involvement of engrailed and wingless during segmentation in the onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis (Peripatopsidae: Onychophora) (Reid 1996). 219, 5. 249-264. [online] (http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.tlu.ee/content/2507804255q4124g/) (07.03.2012) Eriksson, B
McGregor X/Y theory X: people are lazy, will avoid responsibility, avoid work, they desire only money. Y: people need independency, responsibility, naturally want to work. Sociotechnique: optimal mix of economic and social goals (task extension, enrichment, circulation). Open system: not just technical and social system but also open system (influence by outside); adaptation to outer world, horizontal integration, segmentation (market is divided by groups of customs). Contingency approach: world inside and outside the orgnaisation is unstable; quality management, customer orientation, continuous improvement; there is no simple solution, benchmarking (goal to be the best company in area), urgency (act and react very quikly). What makes a leader? Followers! Transactional leadership: can be learned, linked to the position.
2. Place. 3. Price. 4. Promotion. ● Kontsentreeritud turundus, nišiturundus (concentrated marketing, niche marketing) Kontsentreeritud turundus on sihtturunduse üks vorm. Kontsentreeritud turunduse korral keskendutakse ühele turusegmendile. See strateegia on sageli väikefirmades kasutamiseks. Strateegia on ohus kui konkurente lisandub või pole piisavalt tarbijaid. ● Segmentimine, segment (segmentation, segment) Segmentimine on koguturu jagamine osaturgudeks. Segmentimine on vajalik, kui turg ei ole homogeenne, vaid on heterogeenne. Segmendid peavad olema: – Piisavalt suured – Omavahel erinevad Turu segmentimine on tarbijate rühmitamine vastavalt nende vajadustele, tunnustele, ostukäitumisele jm. Turu segment (osa) on sarnaste vajadustega tarbijarühm, kes reageerib üheselt teatud turundusmeetmestikule.
(2013) ,,Breaking New Paths: Theory and Method in Path Dependence Research" Schmalenbach Business Review, 65, 288-311. Kuuse, E. (2010) Arengukoostöö adressaatidest doonoriteks: mõjurid ja loogika Eesti, Läti, Leedu päästeametite näitel. Kättesaadav: http://www.terveilm.ee/leht/wp- content/uploads/2012/12/thesis_Kuuse.pdf, 23. oktoober 2013 Sarapuu, K. (2011) ,,Post-Communist Development of Administrative Structure in Estonia: From Fragmentation to Segmentation." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 35(4), 54-73. Kättesaadav: http://rtsa.ro/en/files/TRAS-35E-SI-5- SARAPUU.pdf, 23. oktoober 2013 Peters, B. G. (2005) ,,Institutional theory in political science" Continuum, 25-46. Lowndes, V. (2002) ,,Institutionalism" Marsh, D., Stoker, G. (toim.) In Theory and Methods in Political Science. Palgrave Macmillan, 90-108.
Kevad 2009 Tallinna Polütehnikum 43 ATM võrgu kihid Convergence sublayer Rakenduse Rakenduse andmed andmed AAL AAL Koondamise alamkiht ATM kiht Segmenteerimise ja jaotuse alamkiht Füüsiline kiht Segmentation and reassembly sublayer Kevad 2009 Tallinna Polütehnikum 44 ATM võrgu kihid AAL kiht sisaldab mitmeid erinevaid protokolle, mis on kohandatud erinevate teenindusklasside (A, B, C, D) andmete töötlemiseks AAL kiht on jagatud kaheks alamkihiks: koondamise alamkiht (convergence sublayer) segmenteerimise ja jaotuse alamkiht (segmentation and reassembly sublayer) Kevad 2009 Tallinna Polütehnikum 45
4 Õppeasutus Nimi Operatsioonisüsteemide teooria alused Rühma nr 2. Virtuaalmälu realiseerimine Virtuaalmälu saab realiseerida kahel viisil: Lehekülgede laadmine nõudmisel (demand paging) Segmentide laadmine nõudmisel (demand segmentation) 2.1. Lehekülgede laadimine nõudmisel Iga lehekülg laaditakse mällu alles siis, kui seda esimest korda vaja läheb: Vähem I/O pöördusi Vähem mälu vaja Kiirem reaktsiooniaeg Rohkem protsesse Lehekülge vajatakse, kui keegi selle lehekülje poole pöördub: Vigane lehekülje aadress => lõpetame protsessi Lehekülge pole mälus => toome ta mällu ja jätkame Sarnane lehekülgede saalimisele, aga „laisem“ mällu toomisel. 3
sounds in a language. Phonetics is the general study of the charecteristics of speech sounds – studies how different speech sounds are produced. Phoneme is a meaning-distinguishing sound in a language. E.g. artistic-al-ly To know if a sound is a phoneme use the minimal contrasting pair method where the difference is only one sound: pin vs pen. Allophones are different variations of how a phoneme is pronounced according to the context. E.g. dark and clear l – clear and dull. Segmentation is the act of dividing speech sounds into units. E.g. segment- ation Larnyx (kõri) is the voice box. Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. Manner of articulation is the way the airstream is blocked when producing a sound – blocked vs partially blocked; vibrating vs no vibration. Different sound types: Velar sounds are produced by the tongue being in contact with the lower side of the velum aka soft palate.
13 Kasutatud materjal 1. Sullakatko, T. (1995) Satelliit-Navigatsioonisüsteem: GPS-Navstar. Tallinn: Raadio-ja sidetehnika instituut, lk 4. 2. Madar, V. Mis on GPS: Meridian GPS Vastuvõtja. Kättesaadav: http://www.varavald.ee/Projektid/nr.251/GPS.doc , 19.04.08 3. Wikipedia, Global Positioning System: Simplified Method of Operation. Kättesaadav: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System , 19.04.08 4. Wikipedia, Global Positioning System: System Segmentation. Kättesaadav: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System , 19.04.08 5. Plank, T. (2006) Geopositsioneerimine, mõõtmine GPS vastuvõtjaga. Tartu Ülikool. Kättesaadav: http://www.physic.ut.ee/~kikas/GLOBE_oppepaevad/Toomas/Globe_GPS.pdf , 19.04.08 6. Veenpere, E. (2003) Kuidas kontrolloda GPS-i näidu täpsust? Arvutimaailm, nr6. 7. Inseneribüroo Stratum (2002) Eesti inimkannatanutega liiklusõnnetuste asukoha
The Importance of a Target Market in Small Business When it comes to your customers keep in mind the importance of target marketing. The reason this is important is that only a proportion of the population is likely to purchase any products or service. By taking time pitch your sales and marketing efforts to the correct niche market you will be more productive and not waste your efforts or time. It's important to consider your virtual segmentation by selecting particular to present your offerings to. Those verticals will have the particular likelihood of purchasing your products and services. Again, this saves you from wasting valuable time and money. Small Business Marketing and Large Business Marketing are Different If you are like the majority of small business owners your marketing budget is limited. The most effective way to market a small business is to create a well rounded program
5. cost-effectively- tulutoovalt 6. interdependent- vastastikku (üksteisest, teineteisest) sõltuv 7. product management- tootehaldus 8. knowing how=know-how- oskusteave, oskus, vilumus, tegelik teadmine 9. product range- tootevalik, tootestik 10. objective- siht, eesmärk 11. to meet- nõudeid rahuldama 12. to conduct- läbi viima, korraldama 13. segment- turusegment, allüksus 14. benefit- kasu, tulu 15. a detailed benefit analysis segmentation- detailne allüksuse tuluanalüüs 16. to meet a changing market- rahuldama muutuva turu nõudeid 17. competitive- konkurentsil põhinev 18. threat- (häda)oht, ähvardus 19. marketing strategy- turundusstrateegia 20. to imply- vihjama, mõista andma, tähendama 21. defined- määratletud 22. a goal- siht, eesmärk, ülesanne 23. a defined goal- määratletud eesmärk 24. in a cost-effective manner- tulutooval viisil 25
1. A branded product ............................................firmatoode 2. A cash dispenser ...............................................sularahaautomaat 3. A commission charge .......................................komisjoni tasu 4. A deadline ........................................................(lõpp)tähtaeg 5. A defined goal ..................................................püstitatud eesmärk 6. A detailed benefit analysis segmentation .........läbi viia detailne kasumianalüüs 7. A genuine product ............................................ehtne toode 8. A goal ...............................................................eesmärk 9. A group leader ..................................................kaadriülem 10. A liability .........................................................kohustus 11. A matter-of-fact selling relationship ................asjalik müügi suhe 12. A payment order .........
saavutada ning edukas olla, kuid konkureerivad ettevõtted on ka kõigeks valmis, isegi ideede varguseks, et saavutada turul võimalikult hea positsioon. Seega peaks positsioneerima võimalikult väheste kuid toote ja turustaja jaoks oluliste tunnustega, sest nii on võimalik edu ka hoida. Toote positsioneerimise võtted turunduses 15 KASUTATUD ALLIKMATERJALID 1. Determan M. (i.a). Marketing-Positioning. Strategies, segmentation, niches. [http://www.determan.net/michele/mposition.htm] (2009, 4.veebruar) 2. Miljan M. (1998). Turunduse juhtimine I. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus 3. Mägi J. (i.a) Turundus. [www.agri.ee/public/turundus.doc] (2009, 10. veebruar) 4. Ries A. & Trout J. (2003). Positsioneerimine: võitlus mõistuse pärast. Tallinn: Eesti Ekspressi Kirjastuse AS. 5. Sepp J. (1990). Marketingi alused. Tartu: Tartu Noorte Koda. 6. Tannik P. (2006). Turunduse alused. Tartu 7
Turundusprogrammi atraktiivsus Segmentimine B2C(tarbija) turul • Demograafiline Sugu; Vanus; Rass; Rahvus; Amet; Haridus; Sissetulek; Perekonnaseis ja pere elutsükkel; Religioosne kuuluvus; Seksuaalne orientatsioon • Psühholoogiline või psühhograafiline - Sotsiaalne klass; Elustiil; Isikupära; Väärtushinnangud • Käitumisalane - Tähtpäevadega seotud segmentimine (occasion segmentation); Kasu otsimisele suunatud segmentimine; Kasutaja staatus; Kasutaja intensiivsus (usage rate); Firma- ja brändilojaalsus; Hoiakud ja suhtumine; Ostueelistused ja ostukavatsused • Geograafiline (rohkem kasutusel B2B turul) – Riik; Regioon; Elukoht; linn või maa; Kliima • Geodemograafiline segmentimine • Tarbimismuster Segmentimine B2B (äri)turul • Geograafiline (riik, regioon, asukoht, seadusandlus, areng, konkurents)
sihtturu valimine; pakkumise positsioneerimine. Segmentimine B2C turul Demograafiline segmentimine Sugu Vanus Rass Rahvus Amet Haridus Sissetulek Perekonnaseis ja pere elutsükkel Religioosne kuuluvus Seksuaalne orientatsioon Psühhograafiline segmentimine Sotsiaalne klass Elustiil Isikupära Väärtushinnangud Käitumislik segmentimine Tähtpäevadega seotud segmentimine (occasion segmentation) Kasu otsimisele suunatud segmentimine Kasutaja staatus Kasutaja intensiivsus (usage rate) Firma- ja brändilojaalsus Hoiakud ja suhtumine Ostueelistused ja ostukavatsused Geograafiline segmentimine Riik Regioon Elukoht Linn või maa Kliima Segmentimine B2B turul Geograafiline (riik, regioon, asukoht, seadusandlus, areng, konkurents) Ettevõtte näitajatele toetuv (ettevõtte suurus, töötajate arv, ostu
SAMI Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange SAML Security Assertion Markup Language SAN Storage/System Area Network SANE Standard Apple Numeric Environment SAP Second Audio Program + Service Access Point [DEC] + Session Announcement Protocol + Service Advertising Protocol + * Symbolic Assembly Program + Systems, Applications and Products (company) [SAP] SAPI Speech Application Program Interface [Microsoft] SAR Segmentation and Reassembly + Shift Arithmetic Right + Specific Absorption Rate Successive Approximation Register + Synthetic Aperature Radar SARG Search Argument SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virus) SAS Sales Accounting System + Serial Attached SCSI + Single Attached Station + Single Audio System + Statistical Analysis System SASI Shugart Associates System Interface (SCSI originated from SASI) SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Selle asmel säilitatakse aadressi registris. Nii saab erinevate instruktsiooni täitmistega koos kasutada erinevaid mälu sõnu. 4) Autoinkrementne adresseerimine - Autoincrement Addressing loetakse operant välja ja aadress säilitatakse modifitseeritult. LIFO- pinumälu, Pinuosuti (Stack Pointer), CP+1 liidetakse. 5) Autodekrementne - Autodecrement Addressing lahutamine. (sama, mis eelmisel). 6) Segmenteerimine - Segmentation vanem osa aadr.-st hoitakse lehekülje nr alles ja modifitseeritakse. Segmendi aadress + operandi aadress 7) Adresseerimine indekseerimisega – Indexed Addressing käsu juurde kuulub pikk baasaadress ja liidetaske juurde nihe, mis annab uue aadressi. 8) A baseeerimisega – Based Addressing Käsukoodi juurde kuulub nihe, mis võib olla lühem kui pikk aadress. 9) baseerimine ja indekseerimisega - liidetakse kõik (baas kui ka indeks) kokku.
instruktsiooniga püsivalt seotud. Selle asmel säilitatakse aadressi registris. Nii saab erinevate instruktsiooni täitmistega koos kasutada erinevaid mälu sõnu. 4.Antoinkreventne adresseerimine - Autoincrement Addressing loetakse operant välja ja aadress säilitatakse modifitseeritult. LIFO- pinumälu, Pinuosuti (Stack Pointer), CP+1 liidetakse. 5.Autodekrementne - Autodecrement Addressing lahutamine. (sama, mis eelmisel). 6.Segmenteerimine - Segmentation vanem osa aadr.-st hoitakse lehekülje nr alles ja modifitseeritakse. Segmendi aadress + operandi aadress 7.Adresseerimine indekseerimisega Indexed Addressing käsu juurde kuulub pikk baasaadress ja liidetaske juurde nihe, mis annab uue aadressi. 8.A baseeerimisega Based Addressing Käsukoodi juurde kuulub nihe, mis võib olla lühem kui pikk aadress. 9.A. baseerimine ja indekseerimisega - liidetakse kõik (baas kui ka indeks) kokku. 10
to the transport layer in the Internet protocol stack. The AAL sublayer has its own header fields, which occupy a small portion of the payload in the ATM cell. The ITU and the ATM Forum have standardized several AALs. Some of the most important AALs include: AAL 1: For Constant Bit Rate (CBR) services and circuit emulation. AAL 2: For Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services. AAL 5: For data (e.g., IP datagrams) AAL has two sublayers: the Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR) sublayer and the Convergence Sublayer (CS). The SAR sits just above the ATM layer; the CS sublayer sits between the user application and the SAR sublayer. 54. Võrkude turvalisus Kuna tegu on hea konkreetse küsimusega, millest näiteks Kurosel on terve peatükk, ja siinkirjutaja ei tea, millest Rein loengus rääkis, kleebin siia mõned mõtted Kurose raamatu 7. peatüki sissejuhatusest lk 549-552:
things that you can do that are more important and valuable than anything else. ■ MARKETING YOURSELF STRATEGICALLY As the president of your own personal services corporation, you must consider the four strategic variables in marketing yourself and your services. Your effectiveness in each of these four areas will de- termine your income and your future. They are: (1) specialization; (2) differentiation; (3) segmentation; and (4) concentration. These four activities are central to every business and to the success of every product or service offered by any business any- where. All business growth and profitability are the result of per- ccc_tracy_6_90-117.qxd 6/23/03 2:48 PM Page 113 Commit to Excellence ➤ 113 forming well in each of these areas. Problems with sales and prof-
and mouthcoating. A small in-house consumer test on these Using this profile, assessors were able to same steaks did not produce clear differences provide data that classified meat particle size in acceptability, indicating that the market into large, intermediate, and small sizes. Size for these products was probably segmented. (rather than shape of chewed particles) after This question of market segmentation had a set number of chews showed a close rela- previously been investigated by Nute et al. tionship between processing and raw mate- (1988) in a study of eight formulations of rial variations. It was found that steaks made restructured steaks varying in salt, fat, temper, from large meat particles were rated as and blend time using a half replicate of a 24 having more gristle than either the intermedi- fractional design. ate or small particles
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