Islam
By the 17th and 18th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had
begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the 19th
century, the rise of nationalism resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in
1829, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the
12 | P a g e
RussoTurkish War of 18771878. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of World War
I.
In the 19th century, the Salafi, Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated.
Modern times (1918present)
After World War I losses, the remnants of the empire were parceled out as European
protectorates or spheres of influence. Since then most Muslim societies have become
independent nations, and new issues such as oil wealth and relations with the State of Israel
have assumed prominence.
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