Clauses of results Such a/an + omadussõna + ainsuses loendatav nimisõna Such + omadussõna + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus Such a lot of + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus So + omadussõna/määrsõna So much/little + loendamatu nimisõna So many/few + mitmus Clauses of reasons The reason for + nimisõna/-ing vorm The reason why + clause (he verb) Because of/on account of/due to + nimisõna Because of/on account of/due to the fact that + clause (he verb) Now (that) + clause (they verb) Clauses of results In order to/so as to + infinitive (formal) So that + can/will (present or future reference) So that + could/would (past reference) In case + present tense (present or future reference) In case + past tense (past reference) For + nimisõna (kui tahame väljendada tegevuse eesmärki) For + -ing vorm (kui tahame väljendada millegi funktsiooni) Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + cl...
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them...
Adding and Contrasting Expressing cause / reason *and *but because as well as However, as besides Although since Moreover, despite This is why Furthermore, In spite of because of What is more, Nevertheless, Due to In addition, On the contrary, Owing to not only .... but also on the one hand For this reason, another point is that on the other hand, whereas Expressing effect / result relat...
Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) claus...
1. Nouns: how is the plural formed? The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s: · more than one snake / snakes · more than one ski / skis · more than one Barrymore / Barrymores Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural: · more than one witch / witches · more than one box / boxes · more than one gas / gases · more than one bus / buses · more than one kiss / kisses · more than one Jones / Joneses BUT! Photos, kilos, pianos, zeros, studios, radios. When the word ends in the letter -y: · country / countries · family / families · story / stories Nouns ending in -f: (should be learned by heart) · calf / calves · elf / elves · half / halves · knife / knives · life /...
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian ...
Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda! Texts: [t-e-k-s-t-s]- (Consonant, Vowel, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant, Consonant). Stron...
2018 Boolean Functions and their Cryptographic Criteria * Univeristy of Tartu, Estonia Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Boolean functions and their representations ................................................................................. 4 2.1 Truth table ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Disjunctive normal form .................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Conjunctive normal form ......................................................................................
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don'...
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of s...
1. Basic Phrases ¡Buenos días! ¡Buenas tardes! ¡Buenas noches! bway-nohs dee-ahs bway-nahs tard-ays bway-nahs noh-chays Hello! / Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! / Good night! ¡Hola! / ¡Chao! Adiós. Por favor. oh-lah / chow ah-dee-ohs por fah-bor Hi! / Bye! Good bye. Please. Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. Hasta pronto. Hasta mañana. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah ah-stah prohn-toh ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah loo-ay-go See you soon. See you tomorrow. See you / See you later. (Muchas) Gracias. De nada. Bienvenidos (moo-chah...
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features...
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies ...
TRADERUN MOODUL TRADERUN MODULE BUSINESS PECULIARITIES IN THE EU, RUSSIA AND EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES ÄRI ERIPÄRAD EUROOPA LIIDUS, VENEMAAL JA IDAPARTNERLUSRIIKIDES Lecturers: Ryhor Nizhnikau (responsible) Giorgi Gaganidze, Sergei Proskura, Andres Assor P2EC.00.202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Ukraine and Belarus Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Ukrainas ja Valgenenes Created by Andres Assor Tartu 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 1. UKRAINE ...................................................................................................................
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