Service Tribunal). The procedure for bringing direct action cases before the Court of Justice is much the same as that for references for preliminary rulings, except that, in addition notifying Member States of the case, the Registry also serves the application to the party sued, who can then submit a defense to the Court within one month. The applicant then has one month to submit a reply, and the defendant has an additional month to lodge a rejoinder. The court's procedures are extremely slow and laborious, with preliminary rulings typically taking 18 months, and direct actions two years. In urgent cases, the court is able to issue interim rulings through accelerated procedures. Direct effect and Supremacy Direct effect is a principle of EU law. It applies to those aspects of EU law that are enforceable directly by Union citizens in their own Member State, regardless of whether the
· A classic Proposition Theory was offered by Russell (1919/1956). Traditional theories of meaning 75 · For some discussion of propositions and their relations to sentences and to utterances, see Cartwright (1962) and Lemmon (1966). · Quinean criticism of the Proposition Theory is best summed up by Gilbert Harman (19678), particularly pp. 1247 (pp. 1417 are also relevant). Lycan (1974) is a rejoinder on the theory's behalf. See also Loux (1998: ch. 4). 6 "Use" theories Overview The Proposition Theory treats sentences and other linguistic items as inert abstract entities whose structure can be studied as if under a microscope. But Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that words and sentences are more like game pieces or tokens, used to make moves in rule-governed conventional social practices. A "meaning" is not an abstract object; meaning is a matter of the
apparent (clear) only in comparison with them. LITERARY VOCABULARY It falls into common literary vocabulary and special literary vocabulary. Common literary words are those that are more lofty than their neutral counterparts (here belong also borrowings) (e.g. hole cavity; yearly annual; hint allusion; begin commence; go away depart; talk converse; smell aroma; true authentic; He began his answer. He commenced his rejoinder.; Send for the doctor. Call into requisition the services of the family physician.). How these words function in fiction: literary words have elevated overtones (their function), when used in inappropriate situations or to describe a trivial incident or object their result is humour. Special literary vocabulary comprises words that are associated with more or less definite spheres of use: 1
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