the knives used. To ensure better decontami- Kochevar et al. (1997a) tested two commer- nation of knives after use on a carcass, the cial steam-vacuuming systems according to industry in the United States has introduced the operation protocol applied in operating the two- or three-knife system. As one knife plants. They found that steam-vacuuming is used, the others remain immersed in hot caused 1.7–2.0 and 1.7–2.1 log10/cm2 reduc- water for decontamination. Furthermore, tions of APC and TCC, respectively, which given that knife-trimming removes visible were slightly higher than reductions achieved contamination, it is likely that low-level con- by knife-trimming. Decrease in microbial tamination, as well as contamination which populations due to steam-vacuuming may is not associated with visible soil, may be also exceed those achieved with water spray- ignored (Edwards and Fung 2006)
communicative practices, and that communicative "practices" boil down to sets of individual speakers' communicative acts. Grice amends that last phrase, focusing on what speakers use sentences to mean, in the sense of what the speakers mean in uttering the sentences when they do utter them. For Grice, a sentence's meaning is a function of individual speaker-meanings. 88 Theories of meaning But Grice concentrated his energies on the second stage of the reduc- tion. That speaker-meaning should be explicated in terms of mental states is even more plausible than the first stage. If, when I say "That was a bril- liant idea," what I mean is that Smedley's idea was very stupid, surely that speaker-meaning is something psychological, something about my mental state. Presumably it is a matter of my communicative intention, of what I am intending to convey to you. It does seem that, in general, individual commu-
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