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to objections 1­4? 6 Offer your own criticisms of the causal­historical picture. 7 Assess the Kripke­Putnam view that natural-kind terms rigidly desig- nate scientifically characterized kinds. 8 Are you persuaded by Putnam's "Twin Earth" examples that meanings "ain't in the head"? Further reading · Further representative papers on Direct Reference may be found in Almog, Perry and Wettstein (1989); a survey and critique is offered in Devitt (1989). See also Recanati (1993). · Kvart (1993) also elaborates a version of the Causal­Historical Theory of referring. · Evans (1973) offers further objections to Kripke's picture, and an interesting revision of it. Evans (1982) makes concessions to Kripke but insists that the idea of a "name-using (social) practice" must be introduced as a further element. McKinsey (1976, 1978) has moved 62 Reference and referring further back toward the ancien régime. Further objections are made