Acid rains Stefani Nimtsuk What is acid rain? Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids History Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon The term "acid rain" was generated in 1972 Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S in...
Acid rains This morning you contributed to atmosphere desolation H ow it is formed? Acid rain is formed by burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Gases of acid rain Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the gases that form the acid rain. Our health and acid rain Acid rain effects even our health. Breathing and lung problems in people (especially those with asthma) and have been linked to acid air pollution. Some things that you can do to make acid rain less of a problem are: Only run the dishwasher and washing machine with a full load. Turn off the lights in empty rooms or when you will be away from home. Turn off the hot water tank when you will be gone for a long period of time. Don't use your air conditioner or heater as much. Install fluorescent light bulbs instead of incandescent light bulbs. Try to reduce, reuse, and recycle as often as ...
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of sulfuric oxides into the Earth's atmosphere with positive results Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased.[2][3] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[4] Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. The term "acid rain" was generated in 1972. [5] Canadi...
…. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.” 0 CONDITIONAL • Situations that are always true if something happens. • Instructions, rules • If I am late, my father takes me to school. • If someone calls, let me know • If there is any trouble, call us. • Is it rains, it is cloudy. • This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (examples: When I am late, my father takes me to school. When it rains, it’s cloudy. ) How to use it? • IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + PRESENT SIMPLE • If I am late, my father takes me to school. • If someone calls, let me know • If there is any trouble, call us. • If it rains, it is cloudy. • (When it rains, it is cloudy) Wou can also turn it around:
Environmental problems: acid rain Elza Lutt 10.a What is acid rain? • Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation(sademed) that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). What is it caused by? Wet deposition- niisked sademed Consequences of acid rains • forests, freshwaters(mageveekogud) and soils • Kills insect and aquatic life-forms • Paint peels off from buildings etc. • Corrosion(söövitus) of steel structures • human health What can be done to decrease acid rains • curbing the release of the pollutants(saasteained) References • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain • https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/ global-warming/acid-rain/ • https://www.crestawards
CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange Conditional Type 1 · First Conditional: real possibility · We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the
Kirjuta lünka tegusõna sobivas vormis. 1.He never eats chocolate in the evening. 2.Look! They are running in the park. 3.I can't talk now. I am studying for a test. 4.We often do group work in history lessons. 5.There are lots of cars in the street. One is passing the school right now. 6.Put on your winter coat. It is snowing. 7.I live in a small town. 8.He usually does his homework in the evening. 9.Listen! Somebody is singing. 10. We often play volleyball after school. 11. My aunt never drinks coffee. 12. We like warm and sunny days. 13. February comes after January. 14. It usually rains a lot in October.
POEM The months. January brings the snow, Makes our feet and fingers glows. February brings the rains, Thaws the frozen lake again. March brings breezes sharp and chill, Shakes the dancing daffodil. April brings the primrose sweet, Scatters daisies at our feet. May brings flocks of pretty lambs, Sporting round their fleecy dams. June brings tulips, lilies, rose, Fills the children's hands with posies. Hot July brings thundershowers, Apricots, and gillyflowers. August brings the sheaves of corn; Then the harvest home is borne. Warm September brings the fruit;
Cyclonic Storms What is it? air rotates at high speed around a centre (The Eye) causes high winds Types hurricane typhoon severe tropical cyclone severe cyclonic storm tropical cyclone Typhoon Why is it different? heavy rains, winds(119 km/h) late summer form over warm seas,27 Inside: strong winds around the eye The strongest winds inside the eyewall Why do they happen? warm air collides with cold air spin in a counter clockwise direction result a storm surge,strong winds Steps of a typhoon windy, rainy (several hours) the eye brings calm weather damage to marine, shoreline, inland ecosystems weaknens, needs warm water
much more environment friendly. The one that we do the most is leaving rubbish around that doesn`t turn into compost. We should save energy by just turning off the electic appliances when we don`t use them. When going to the store we should bring our own canvas bags or just reuse old plastic bags. Reducing the damage to the environment would help our plants and animals from dying out and not to make any acid rains. Lots of people don`t take this stuff seriously and make wrong decisions in their everyday life. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IA0iCRB5q_YX44RM8BK40-NnN0UZBes9uzsvyJwFwCw/edit 1/1
Estonia Estonia is a country in Eastern Europe. It's a small country beside the Baltic Ssea. Our neighbours are Finland, Russia, Latvia and Sweden. Estonia's surface area is 45,227 square kilometres wide. The population of Estonia is around 1,34 million people. We have four seasons in Estonia. The air is very humid and it rains quite often, especially in spring and autumn. We usually have long winters and plenty of snow, but sometimes we haven't even had snow. Summers are is mostly warm and beautiful in Estonia. Estonia is well known for it's amazing countryside. We don't have any big mountains, but we do have over a thousand islands and over a thousand lakes that are worth seeing. One fifth of Estonia is covered by wetlands and almost one forth of the territory is forested. We also have four spectacular
The main place was crowded… (Report about something) Expository passages where we develop an opening sentence (without attempting to prove it). ● There are two types of elephants: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. African elephant has large ears and both females and males have tusks. The Asian elephant has smaller ears and only males develop tusks. Conditional statements of the form “if...then…”. ● If it rains, then I will take my umbrella. Conditional itself is not an argument. Conditionals are formed by an Antecendent (‘it rains’) and a Consequent (‘I will take my umbrella’). The antecendent is a sufficient condition for the consequent while the consequent is a necessary condition for the antecendent. A (antecendent) then B (consequent). If A happens, B has to happen! Umbrella is necessary for the rain. If I take my umbrella, it’s not necessary that it rains.
Estonians have two personalities-a summer one and a winter one Estonia is a country in Eastern Europe. It's a small country beside the Baltic Sea. Our neighbours are Finland, Russia, Latvia and Sweden. Estonia's surface area is 45,227 square kilometres. The population of Estonia is around 1,3 million. We have four seasons in Estonia. The air is very humid and it rains quite often, especially in spring and autumn. We usually have long winters and plenty of snow, but sometimes we haven't even had snow. Summers are mostly warm and beautiful in Estonia. In winter our nation is mostly very passive, becouse it is quite cold in outside, we are like bears who sleep in winter, but we still go to school and work even if we are like so tired and don't wanna go out. Our winter is like too long and people are starting to miss summer,sun, beach and ice
Usa 1. Gross Domestic Products Gross Domestic Products of USA United States of America has the highest Gross Domestic Products nominal about 14.624 trillion US dollars according to World Bank. 2. Rhode Island Rhode Island is actually named Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and it makes the smallest state in the United States has the longest name. 3. Califrnia never rains It is believed that California is the state with the lowest rainfall in the world. For two years, California never rains. For those amazing and unique facts, California has been attracting so many tourists. Many people also adore this fact and this facts is often included in a song lyric. 4. President Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland is the only USA president who married in office. It becomes more unusual because he married 21 years old bride when he was 49. 5. National Holidays
Animals start emerging from their hibernation Plants start blooming Sun and showers Summer Plants and animals start breeding Warm weathers The landscapes are covered with flowers Warm rain The average temperature ranges from 10 0C 150C Britain's highest temperature recorded is 38.5°C in August 2003 Autumn Birds are returning after migrating from the north Birds start growing their winter plumage. Many flowers fade Trees reveal their autumn colours It rains more often Winter Animals start hibernating Flowers are rare Not much snow because of the Gulf Stream The average temperature ranges from 0 0C 5 0C; The lowest temperature recorded is -27.2°C in 1895 Flora Plants usually withstand long periods of dry weather. Many garden flowers will grow with little or no fertilizer. There are at least 1500 different species of wildflower in the UK The national flower of England is the rose. The most common trees are alders, apple trees, beeches,
Grammar Present Simple (Lihtolevik) and Present Continuous (Kestev olevik) PRESENT SIMPLE - LIHTOLEVIK Lihtolevik väljendab: 1) Harjumuspärast tegevust või seisundit olevikus. What time do you usually get up? 2) Üldtuntud tõdesid ja fakte. It always rains in October. 3) Oskusi ja võimeid. She speaks English well. Juhul kui tegusõna lõpeb häälikuga `s` või ühenditega sh`, `ch`, lisatakse ainsuse kolmandas pöördes tegusõna lõppu ` ES` (switch switches). Täpselt sama reegel kehtib tegusõnade kohta, mis lõpevad häälikuga `o` (go goes). Erandina tuleks välja tuua tegusõna `have`, mille ainsuse kolmas pööre on has. He/She has a nice car. Does he/she have a nice car? He/She does not have a nice car.
Air pollution in Japan Birgit Tohter Air pollution The presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk. The effects of air pollution is global warming, heart problems, acid rains etc. There are solutions like public transport, cleaning smokestacks, laws, renewable sources, The history Industrial activity in Japan devoloped rapidly after the World War II. People became really sick and described it as more horrible suffering than death. In the 1970s Japan managed to clean up without sacrificing growth by investing in pollution-control technologies. They made new laws. It was the start of "Japan's Pollution Diet". Today, Japanese cities are among the
The trees are covered with yellow and red leaves. Colors of these leaves that just start to wither are warm and they comfort me when I feel down. Days become shorter and the nights longer. It isn't so hot in the daytime anymore. At the end of summer apples, pears, plums and other fruit become ripe. In the South there are many oranges, peaches and tangerines. Autumn is pleasant when it does not rain. Generally autumn is a rainy season of the year. When it rains the weather is nasty. The sky is covered with heavy clouds. It drizzles. It is muddy and wet.
That's their nature especially concerning national symbols such as their music or their language. Even if Estonia is tiny, it still offers a breathtaking amount of nature. It is safe or safer than most places. It offers beautiful cities and beautiful people. It lacks pollution and traffic jams. There is water everywhere. It has four seasons. Dark days in the winter and white nights in the summer and it is wonderful. Many countries have gradually climate , when all time sun is shining and it rains one time in 1 month. In my opinion, all seasons have own benefits. For example, Even winter is coming, snow is falling, temperature is very high, weather is cold, Estonian forests are so fantastic and enchantress. Also, Estonia is slightly bigger than Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. On the other hand, this country have own drawbacks. What I really hate, it is mandatory learning Estonian language. Without knowledge Estonian language, I, and a lot of people cannot study in
than ever before. The government should take some actions and instead of talking about recession, they should improve recycling programs or take into use some new ways. Environment problem in Estonia is also water pollution. Big factories let their waste run into the rivers without cleaning it and farmers use man-made fertilizers. Their action is spoiling groundwater. Garbage wrong recycling also affects groundwater quality, because when it rains then bacteria from landfills will be washed to the groundwater. Before Tallinn citizens can drink their water, it has to pervade 15- hour cleaning process. Environmental problems don't affect our lives yet, but we have to think about it. People think that they can't make a difference, but it is wrong. Every person has to save our environment, because those little things can make a difference. Going to work or to school by bus you already save our environment
1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's time you went home
live without water. Their bodys contain more than a half of water, they need water constantly. Thirdly soil, which is the surface of all continents. The soil on the Earth is not the same fertility. Some places are covered by different plants and some are not, imagine a desert, where isn't growing anything. I'm sure you know there are many ecological problems today. It is the pollution of seas and oceans, dissapearance of many species of animals and plants, acid rains, destruction of the ozone layer and etc. In spite of this, people are still harming the enviroment. The great number of cars contribute much to the air pollution. Many factories are built near rivers into which they put their chemical waste. Amounts of industrial and city waste are placed near the lakes and rivers. Before I stop, let me just say that everyone can start by theirselves . We should keep nature clean, we shouldn't throw garbage there, where it doesn't belong.
Population - 2011 census 4,581,269(119th) Density 65.2/km2 (142nd) 168.8/sq mi Currency:Euro Area Total 70,273 km2 (120th) 27,133 sq mi - Water (%) 2.00 Largest city Dublin The Emerald Isle Ireland is also known as the Emerald Island. It is one of the most beautiful countries of the world. Ireland is compared to a precious gem 'Emerald' because of its mesmerizing and captivating lush green natural beauty. The heavy rains in the western parts are responsible for the brilliant green grass. The exquisite Irish landscapes make profound impressions on the minds and souls of the beholders. Ireland has the most seducing landscapes. They seem to be the most luscious expression of romantic poetry. The Irish beauty is vinous,
135 days a year, from the end of November till the end of April. The average water temperature rises up to 17-21°C in July. Võrtsjärv is a strongly eutrophic lake. The fast expansion of reed thickets and the deterioration of biological diversity are a clear evidence of the eutrophication of the lake during the last decades. However, the high carbonate content of water protects the lake against acid rains. Due to the prevalence of western winds, the reed belt is continuous and lush on the sheltered western shore and broken at the open eastern one. The narrow southern end, especially beginning from Pähksaar Island is totally overgrown with yellow and white lilies, pondweeds, arrowhead, bulrush, and other water plants. The amount of planktonic algae can reach 30g per cubic metre, with blue- green algae prevailing in summer. Water is turbid, yellowish-green or
under 0°C or over 30° in populated areas. The weather on the west coast is moist and cool. In the Mackenzie hollow it turns drier and on the North-Auckland peninsula the climatic zone is almost tropical. The highest temperature in New Zealand taken is 42.2 °C and the lowest -21.6 °C. The driest city in New Zealand is on the South Island and it's named Christchurch. The rainfall in Christchurch is only 640mm per year, but in Auckland - which is the wettest city - it rains twice as much. The northern and the north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas in New Zealand - the people out there have about 100 sunny days a year. Economy. Largest Cities Economy in New Zealand is very modern and developed. It's GDP is about 101,688 billion dollars (data from 2005). Country's GDP is ~$26,400 per one resident (for example in Australia it's $31,900 and in USA $41,800).
There are 4 seasons; however spring and autumn are very short. Usually summers are dry and very warm, winters are rainy and mild. Temperatures during winter only occasionally fall below the freezing point and snow generally is seldom seen. In the summer, the temperatures range from mild to very warm. Spring is relatively warm and autumn is mild with few rains and time when the town is covered in "gold". The native vegetation has evergreen trees: such as Pines, Cypress, and Oaks, fruit trees such as Olives, Figs, Citrus, Walnuts and Grapes, typical herbs are such as fragrant Rosemary, Basil, Thyme, and Lavender. Plus, there my kinda town is famous for its high floral and colurful diversity. Design:
happen: Come over tomorrow around five, unless my secretary contacts you. Come over tomorrow around five, except if my secretary contacts you. 4 otherwise expresses an outcome which is likely if a condition is not met: Take the umbrella, otherwise you’ll get soaked. in case refers to situations involving a risk which has to be avoided: I’ll take these shoes with me in case it rains. in case of has a negative connotation and is used for real conditions in formal contexts such as warning notices: In case of fire, do not use the lift. (= If there is fire, ...) but for followed by a noun phrase is used in more formal contexts as a fixed expression meaning ‘if it were not for’: But for Sandra, we’d all have got lost ages ago. But for you, we would be there already. as long as = but only if:
separate Australia from Indonesia. In the north the coast is washed by Great Australian Bight and the Indian ocean. In the northeast the Coral sea washes the coasts and in the southeast there is the Tasman sea which also separates Australia from New Zealand. The biggest island is Tasmania which is located in the south of the country. Waterbodies There are very few rivers in Australia. Australian temporary rivers are called the creeks they are full only after it rains. The biggest rivers are in the east. Most of them are very short. The Murray river with its tributary the Darlinggives water for irrigation. Most of the lakes alsi have water after it rains only. Lake Eyre, the biggest, is one of the many salt lakes in Central Australia. Australia has much underground water. The Great Artesian Basin under the central Lowlands makes cattlebreeding possible thee. The network of artesian wells provides cattle with water. Natural zones
Enormous Lake Eyre (70km wide, 130km long) was dry for a hundred years until 1950. Lake Eyre is the lowest place in Australia. It is 16 meters below sea level. Other bigger lakes are Lake Disappointment, Lake Mackay, and Lake Carnegie in the western part. Lake Torrens, Lake Gairdner and Lake Eyre in the southern part. Rivers The biggest river is the Murray. The other biggest rivers are the Mitchel and the Flinders. Other rivers are short and have water only after rains. The Climate Australia stretches from the tropics to the temperature region. It is a hot and dry country. The northern part has a hot tropical climate with heavy rainfall. It has two seasons - wet summer and dry winter. The south and the east of Australia have warm summers and winters. The southeastern coast gets rains all year around. The southwest area has hot, dry summers and mild moist winters. In the west and in the outback the temperature is often 35 degrees in the summer months
All these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference between seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer. So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes. It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say «It's raining cats and dogs». Britain is known all over the world for its fogs
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave is one of the 31 states that constitute the republic of Mexico. It is located in the east-central part of the Gulf of Mexico country, between 17°10 and 22°38 North and between 93°55' and 98°38' West. On the coastal plains and throughout most of the state, the climate is hot and humid. On the foothills of the mountains, the climate is cool and humid. The climate only becomes cold in the mountain regions, where it also rains copiously. Veracruz is occasionally affected by hurricanes from November through October. This state has a tropical climate and impressive natural scenery, such as the Citlaltépetl Volcano (also known as Pico de Orizaba), the highest peak in the nation. You'll also see picturesque cities and towns that have preserved their local architecture. Along the coast you can visit the Costa Esmeralda, a 50 kilometers (31 mi) beach strip north of the port, and the
from moving into inland. As there are no mountains running from east to west, cold polar air masses can move far to the south. Sometimes warm tropical air from the south reaches far to the north. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring hurricanes. The summers are warm and the winters are cold in the central part of the country. The rainfall is heavier on the western slopes of the Cordilleras, the eastern and the south-eastern parts of the country get a lot of rain too. It rains less in the area of the Great Plains. The western coast is much warmer than the eastern coast because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. National Parks There are many national parks in the U.S.A and the oldest and the largest of them is Yellowstone. It was founded in 1872. It is situated in the western part of the country. It lies mainly in Wyoming. There are about 10,000 hot water springs and 300 geysers and a
An aquifer is a layer of soft rock, like limestone or sandstone that absorbs water from an inlet path. Porous stone is confined between impermeable rocks or clay. This keeps the pressure high, so when the water finds an outlet, it overcomes gravity and goes up instead of down. Natural zones: Although most of Australia is barren and arid or covered with deserts, there are five distinguishable natural zones in Australia. The winds from the oceans bring rains to the western and eastern coast of Australia. So, the rainforests occupy the space between the Great Dividing Range and the eastern coast and also the northern coast. In the west they give place to beautiful grasslands with some trees called the savannas. Further west the trees disappear and the savannas are replaced by the bush lands. The real desert occupies the centre of the Western Plateau and in the very south- west there are thin forests of evergreen trees.
Most of Australian trees are kinds of eucalyptus (or gum tree to Australians) and acacia (wattle of Australians). Eucalyptuses give the people timber and eucalyptus oil. Of 600 kinds of acacias the golden wattle, the national flower of Australia, is the best known. Of other trees there grow bottle trees in the savannas, tree ferns in the tropical forests and many others. Lakes Australia has much underground water. There are only few lakes which are full of water only after it rains. The biggest lake is Lake Eyre which is a salt lake. The natural lakes of the interior of continental Australia are salt lakes. Fed by streams and rivers, they receive water rarely. Lake Eyre, Torrens, Frome and Gairdner are the remains of a vast inland sea which once extended south from the Gulf of Carpentaria. Rivers Australia has only few rivers. Many of them are full of water only after it rains. There are many temporary rivers called creeks. The biggest rivers are in the east
Ayers Rock was created as a national park in 1950. Artistically Kata Tjuta is noted for its engravings and its rock piles whereas Uluru is famous for its rock paintings. Both the engravings and the geometric rock piles are believed to have been created by the Spirit Ancestor during the Dreamtime. Waterbodies. There are very few rivers in Australia. Australian temporary rivers are called creeks they are full of water only after rains. The biggest rivers are in the east. Most of them are short. The Murray River with its tributary the Darling gives water for irrigation (vilja kastmiseks). Most of the lakes also have water only after the rains. Lake Eyre, the biggest, is one of the many salt lakes in Central Australia. Australia has much underground water. The Great Artesian Basin under the Central Lowlands makes cattle-breeding possible there. The network of artesian wells provides cattle with water.
ingestion, this causes problems for the larger animals that depend on them for food. This can cause a lot of problems, each step further along the food chain. Plus, it means that plastic are present in the fish that many people eat every day. 2. Groundwater pollution, as the world’s water is in great danger because of leaking plastics and waste. If you’ve ever seen a garbage dump, imagine what happens every time it rains and then imagine that being in your drinking water. Groundwater and reservoirs are susceptible to leaking environmental toxins. 4. Land pollution kills animals. Despite countless TV ads over the years showing ducks or dolphins trapped in six-ring plastic can holders, these items are still used and discarded en masse each day. 5. It is poisonous as plastic is artificially made by using a number of toxic chemicals. Therefore,
ja propositsioonideks. Propositsioon on väitelause mõte või sisu, mis saab olla tõene või väär. Nt ei saa olla tõene või väär väite "Lennart Meri on paha" sisu, kuna tegemist on hinnanguga. Hinnang ei saa olla tõene või väär (teda ei saa ei tõestada ega ümber lükata). Üht ja sama propositsiooni võivad väljendada väga erinevad grammatilised konstruktsioonid: a) Suvel sajab vihma, talvel lund. b) Kui on suvi, siis sajab vihma ja kui on talv, siis sajab lund. c) It rains in summer and it snows in winter Laused a) - c) väljendavad üht ja sama propositsiooni; erinevus on ainult keelelises konstruktsioonis. Järgnevad laused väljendavad täpselt sama propositsiooni: 1) Vaprad metsavennad tapsid reeturliku kommunisti. 2) Reeturlikud metsavennad tapsid vapra kommunisti. Erinevus on ainult nendesse lausetesse kätketud hinnangutes: esimeses peetakse metsavendi vaprateks ja teises reeturlikeks; samamoodi: esimeses lauses peetakse
er/-est. Fast faster fastest Hard harder hardest -ly-ga lõppevate määrsõnade puhul kasutatakse võrdluastmete puhul more/most. Quickly more quickly most quickly Tingimuslaused 1. Esimene tüüp Koosneb if-kõrvallausest ja pealausest. Kõrvallauses nimetatakse tingimus, pealauses non selle tingimuse tulemus. If-lauses on ajavormiks present tense, pealauses future I või present tense. If it rains we won't go swimming. If he gets a new job, he will be happier. 2. Teine tüüp Tüüp II lauses on if-lause Past Tense'is, pealause should(would + infinitiiv. Rääkija ei ole kindel, kas sündmus või tegevus leiab aset või mitte. Täitmine sõltub erinevatest tingimustest, realiseerimise võimalus on teatud astmel alles tulevikus. Tüüp II if- tingimuslauses ei kasutata tulevikku. If we knew that your service improves, we would come to your restaurant again.
er/-est. Fast faster fastest Hard harder hardest -ly-ga lõppevate määrsõnade puhul kasutatakse võrdluastmete puhul more/most. Quickly more quickly most quickly Tingimuslaused 1. Esimene tüüp Koosneb if-kõrvallausest ja pealausest. Kõrvallauses nimetatakse tingimus, pealauses non selle tingimuse tulemus. If-lauses on ajavormiks present tense, pealauses future I või present tense. If it rains we won't go swimming. If he gets a new job, he will be happier. 2. Teine tüüp Tüüp II lauses on if-lause Past Tense'is, pealause should(would + infinitiiv. Rääkija ei ole kindel, kas sündmus või tegevus leiab aset või mitte. Täitmine sõltub erinevatest tingimustest, realiseerimise võimalus on teatud astmel alles tulevikus. Tüüp II if-tingimuslauses ei kasutata tulevikku. If we knew that your service improves, we would come to your restaurant again.
As there are no mountains running from east to west, cold polar air masses can move far to the south. Sometimes warm tropical air from the south reaches far to the north. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring hurricanes. The summers are warm and the winters are cold in the central part of the country.The rainfall is heavier on the western slopes of the Cordilleras, the eastern and the south-eastern parts of the country get a lot of rain too. It rains less in the area of the Great Plains. The western coast is much warmer than the eastern coast because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. . Geography The main part of United States extends from Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west.It covers the middle of the North American continent.This area is called the continental United States.The continental United States is bounded to
Coast is a tourist must. In addition, the largest outback town Alice Springs is a sure must also. Ayers Rock-Uluru The Australian Outback is one of a kind in the world. It is actually a vast arid plateau stretching across most of the continent. There are the Gibson, the Great Victoria, the Great Sandy Deserts and many smaller deserts Australia is known for its temporary rivers or creeks, which are full only after rains. The longest river is the Murray-Darling, which is 2700 km long. Most of the lakes are also full after rain. The biggest, Lake Eyre, is a salt lake in Central Australia and it occupies an area of 9000km². Nature Australia is the second driest continent in the world and 70% of the country is arid or semi- arid. More that one-third of the mainland is occupied by desert. The rain is distributed unevenly around the continent. The driest area is Lake Eyre, but the tropical northeast is the
fantastically beautiful shapes that we know as corals are form. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is sometimes referred to as the single largest organism in the world. More than 300 varieties of coral ranging from pale blue to bright yellow can be found. Recently, black coral, the rarest type of all, was found on one of the reefs. Lakes Most of the lakes in Australia are filled with water after rains only. Lake Eyre is, on the rare occasions that it fills, the largest lake in Australia and is the lowest point in Australia, at approximately 15 m. The lake is located in the deserts of central Australia, in northern South Australia. Even in the dry season there is usually some water remaining in Lake Eyre, Rivers The Darling River is the longest river in Australia, flowing 2,739km from northern New South Wales to its confluence with the Murray River at Wentworth, New South Wales
World Bank Americans tend to work considerably more hours annually than workers in other developed nations, taking fewer and shorter vacations. 12. Biggest cities Seattle is the largest city in the state of Washington. It has been inhabited by humans for 4000 years. Major events in Seattle's history include the Great Seattle Fire of 1889, which destroyed the central business district but took no lives. In Seattle the climate is mild though it rains all the time. Living is very cheap, because government pays a lot. Five largest companies are in Seattle and there's also highest percentage of college graduators because schools try to have a racial balance. Los Angeles is often abbreviated L.A. and also called the city of (lost) angels. People are known as Angelenos. It is the largest city in California and 2 nd largest in USA. The Los Angeles coastal area was inhabited by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños), Chumash, and earlier Native American
than 120 km from the sea. Climate and Surface Britain has a mild climate which is influenced by the Gulf Stream, an ocean current which flows past the British Isles and brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico. Steady south-west winds blow across the current and bring warmth in winter. In summer, the ocean waters are cooler than the land. Winds over the waters come to Britain as refreshing breezes. The sea winds also bring plentiful rains. Britain is not as cold as most places so far north. Summers are mild, with daytime highs about 220C in the south, about 180C in Scotland. Winters are cool – night-time temperatures drop nearly to freezing, but rarely much below, except in the colder Scottish highland areas. Within Britain there are differences of climate and rainfall between north and south, east and west. The north is on average 5 0C cooler than the south. The heaviest
Because she's late for work. __________________________________ 6 She doesn't enjoy/is not enjoying the film. _____________________________________ 7 This milk is tasting/tastes horrible. _____________________________________ 8 The Spice Girls are making/make a new CD at the moment. _____________________________________ 9 I am thinking/think it's a good idea for you to study biology. _____________________________________ 10 We want to go for a walk but it's raining/it rains outside. _____________________________________ Marks: /10 3 Write questions using the correct tense (present simple or present continuous) for these answers. 1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, I have a painting by Picasso on my wall.
Kui ma oleksin näinud Johni, siis ma oleksin talle öelnud. Other patterns 1 It is common to use modals in conditionals: If only you'd asked me, I would have lent you the money! If you must smoke, do it outside, please. If you want my opinion, I'd sell the car and buy something more reliable. 2 Some conditionals use the present simple in both parts If it rains, the water comes in through the roof. A good rule is to avoid using `would' in the if-clause. This is almost always true. Translate: 26 1 Kui ma leian numbri, siis ütlen teile. 2 Kui homme on ilus ilm, siis lähen maale. 3 Ma helistan tagasi, kui saan informatsiooni. 4 Kui Mary helistab, siis saan need andmed. 5 Kui ma teaksin, siis ütleksin teile. 6 Kui ma oleks teadnud, siis oleksin sinna läinud. 27 MODULE 8
vaatleja emakeelest. • Paljud keelelise relatiivsuse teooria põhinäited on siiski osutunud valeks (nt hopidel, kellel Worfi arvates ei olnud aja mõistet, on ajaväljendeid tegelikult väga palju). • Keelelise relatiivsuse teooria nõrgim koht: kuidas tõestada, et erinev keeleline formuleering tekitab erineva maailmataju? Kui nootkad ütlevad “kivib alla” mitte “kivi kukub”, siis kust me võtame, et nad ei taju objekti ja sündmust eraldi? Vrdl it rains ja sajab vihma • Tänapäeval pooldatakse enamasti keelelise relatiivsuse teooria “nõrka vormi”: keel ei takista inimest, vaid määrab ainult selle, kuidas ta tavaliselt ennast väljendab. • Nii arvasid nt Boas ja Jakobson. Jakobsoni näide: vrdl ingl neighbour (I spent yesterday evening with my neighbour) ja sosed/sosedka. 17. Kaasaegse keeletüpoloogia sünd. Greenberg. Tänapäeva keeletüpoloogia põhiteemad. TERMINID:
to have a "double-hull" lining to protect against spills. While oil spills from ships are the most well-known problem with oil, more oil actually gets into water from natural oil seeps coming from the ocean floor. Or, from leaks that happen when we use petroleum products on land. For example, gasoline that sometimes drips onto the ground when people are filling their gas tanks, motor oil that gets thrown away after an oil change, or fuel that escapes from a leaky storage tank. When it rains, the spilled products get washed into the gutter and eventually go to rivers and the ocean. Another way that oil sometimes gets into water is when fuel is leaked from motorboats and jet skis. A refinery is a factory where crude oil is processed into petroleum products. Because many different pollutants can escape from refineries into the air, the government monitors refineries and other factories to make sure that they meet environmental standards.
T H E W R I T E R ' S JOURNEY ~ T H I R D EDITION Christopher Vogler all M e n t o r s are to be trusted, and that it's healthy to question a Mentor's motives. It's one way to distinguish good from bad advice. M e n t o r s sometimes disappoint the heroes who have admired them during apprenticeship. In Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Jimmy Stewart learns that his Mentor and role model, the noble Senator played by Claude Rains, is as crooked and cowardly as the rest of Congress. Mentors, like parents, may have a hard time letting go of their charges. An overprotective M e n t o r can lead to a tragic situation. T h e character of Svengali from the novel Trilby is a chilling portrait of a M e n t o r who becomes so obsessed with his student that he dooms them both. MENTOR-DRIVEN STORIES Once in a while an entire story is built around a Mentor. Goodbye, Mr. Chips, the novel
The hunter smiled in a friendly way as he sauntered forward to kill me. 1. FIRST SIGHT My mother drove me to the airport with the windows rolled down. It was seventy-five degrees in Phoenix, the sky a perfect, cloudless blue. I was wearing my favorite shirt -- sleeveless, white eyelet lace; I was wearing it as a farewell gesture. My carry-on item was a parka. In the Olympic Peninsula of northwest Washington State, a small town named Forks exists under a near-constant cover of clouds. It rains on this inconsequential town more than any other place in the United States of America. It was from this town and its gloomy, omnipresent shade that my mother escaped with me when I was only a few months old. It was in this town that I'd been compelled to spend a month every summer until I was fourteen. That was the year I finally put my foot down; these past three summers, my dad, Charlie, vacationed with me in California for two weeks instead.
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