For over three centuries Western Europe was raided by the Vikings. The Vikings who had settled down in England had mixed with the Anglo-Saxons. They lived under the rule of the English kings. In the 9th century a territory in northern France was conquered by another branch of the Vikings. That territory was called Normandy. They took over the French coustoms,traditions and language. The Normans lived under the rule of their own duke. By the 11th century the dukes of Normandy had become very powerful. Altought the kinf of France was their lord, they were very independent. William was the Duke of Normandy when the English king Edwar died. William had promised him that he'll be the next king. But there was another relative , Harold, who wanted to be king too. William wanted to start a war. Knights from all over the France were invited to his army.Harold was killed in the battle and the English were defeated. The Battle of Hastings was the ...
thick walls. The Romans left about 20 large towns and a hundred of small ones. Many of the towns were at first army camps and the Latin word for it castra has still remained in the names of these towns: Leicester, Chester, Doncaster, Lancaster etc. The Towns were well built and connected with roads. In the countryside there were many large farms called villas. The life expectancy was short 2040 years. The Saxon invasion The Invaders At first the Germanic tribes only raided Britain but after 430 AD they began to settle. The invaders came from three powerful Germanic tribes the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. The Jutes settled in Kent and south coast, angles settled in east and north midlands and the Saxons settled between then. They all drove most of the Celts to Wales and in north to Scotland. Hardly anything is left from the Germanic culture. The AngloSaxons established a number of kingdoms. The most powerful ones were Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex
The vikings Ursula 11. kl Who were the vikings? The Vikings were the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid11th century. The Vikings came from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Viking age in European history was about AD 700 to 1100. During this period many Vikings left Scandinavia and travelled to other countries, such as Britain and Ireland. Some went to fight and
Roman Church, the Celtic Church retreated. So England became Christian very quickly. By 660 only Sussex & the Isle of Wight had not accepted the new faith. Latin became the language of the Church. From the end of the 8th cent. and during the 9th & 10th centuries Western Europe was attacked by new barbarians who came from the North Norway, Sweden & Denmark and were called Northmen. In different countries they were known as the Vikings, the Normans, the Danes. As England was more often raided from Denmark, the new invaders came to be known in English history as the Danes, the Norwegians invaded Ireland & Scotland. The Danes were of the same Germanic race as the Anglo-Saxons, but they still lived in tribes, were pagans. The Danes were well armed with long swords, spears, daggers, axes, bows, iron helmets & chain armour. Their ships were sailing-boats, but they were also provided wiht oars. The sails were often red & blue & green. At the prow of the ship there was usually a
Metalli viilimine. Viilimine on lukksepatööoperatsioon, mille käigus eemaldatakse viiliks nimetatava lõikeriista abil tooriku pinnalt metallikiht (töötlemisvaru). Viilimisega antakse detailile nõutav kuju, vajalikud mõõtmed ja ettenähtud pinnakaredus. Viilimine jaguneb jäme- ja peenviilimiseks. Töötlemise täpsus viilimisel on kuni 0,05 mm, üksikutel juhtudel isegi 0,0l mm. Varu viilimiseks ei ole suur - 0,5...0,025 mm. Raided viili pinnal moodustavad hambad. Viili hambad saadakse raiumise, freesimise ja kammlõikamise teel. Mida vähem on raideid viili pikkuse 10 mm kohta, seda suurem on hammas. Raide kuju järgi eristatakse ühekordse ja kahekordse raidega, samuti raspliraidega viile. Ühekordse raidega viile kasutatakse värviliste metallide ja puidu viilimiseks. Ühekordne raie moodustab viilitelje ristjoonega nurga 25...300 . Kahekordse raidega viilidel raiutakse algul
This Gunpowder Plot failed. In 1625 Charles I came to the throne. Civil war broke out in1642 between supporters of the king and the parliamentary forces, led by Puritan called Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was beheaded in1649 and Britain became a republic known as the Commonwealth. In 1660 the monarchy retuned. Saxons and Vikings Later in the 5th century, Saxons settled just west of Londinium and formed the town of Lundenwic. It was raided by Danish Vikings in the 9th century. Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings in 886 and rebuilt the Roman city. In 1016 the Vikings triumphed again ruled until 1042, when Edward the Confessor took over. THE PEOPLE OF LONDON London is a growing city with a populatsion of more than seven million. It is also a multicultural city, as it been since Roman times. Now about
Saxons. They arrived in Britain in massive numbers between the 5th and the 7th century. These people tended to be tall, bland and blue eyed. Native Britons fought the great flood of Germanic people and many Britons who survived fled west to the hill country. The refugees were called Celts. Celts tended to be shorter than Anglo Saxons and they had rounder heads. Most had dark hair, but high percentage of Celts had red hair. A big number of Scandinavians raided and settled in Great Britain and Ireland during the 9th century. In 1066 the Normans, French speaking invaders conquered England, adding another ethnic component. The Normans were the last major group to add their stock to the British population. 9
The Latin way of life villas, arts, language and political organization all vanished, however after the invasions from Northern Europe by the Anglo-Saxons and Jutes from the 5th century onwards. These pagan peoples' were easily converted to Christianity and the preachers from Rome brought with them learning and civilization. Christianity was an important factor in enabling the various kingdoms created by the Nordic invaders to be united in the 9th century. The Vikings first raided England to plunder it, then in the days of Alfred of Wessex. They began to win wide lands `to plow and rule'. In the 10 th century England fell under Danish rule with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of the 11 th century. After defeating the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy introduced the Norman feudal system, with land in return for the continued support, and French remained the language of the
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The gradual intermarriage of these new waves of invaders and the people already living in Briton created what was called Anglo-Saxon England `Angle-land'. The Angles and the Saxons became the most powerful tribes in England with the Saxons in southern England and the Angles in the north. The language the Anglo-Saxons spoke (Anglo-Saxon German) gradually developed into Old English. Old English was not a written language. In 787 the Vikings began their invasion from Denmark. They mercilessly raided and pillaged coastal towns in Britain. The king of Wessex, Alfred the Great, resisted and defeated the Vikings in 886. A treaty the Danelaw was signed between King Alfred the Great of Wessex and Guthrum, Danish king of East Anglia. England was divided. Later, the Anglo-Saxon dynasty was restored and lasted until 1066. The last famous Saxon king of England was Edward the Confessor. In 1066 at the battle of Hastings the Norman Duke William defeated the Saxon King Harold and
tribes and the land was divided into little kingdoms. Their language gradually developed into Old English. This language was not a written one but the songs, stories, poems and epics have been handed down orally from generation to generation. In 787 the Vikings began their invasion from Denmark which was to leave a lasting impression on Britain. They were fierce pagan seafaring warriors who brought with them their own customs and laws. They raided mercilessly coastal towns in Britain and defeated all Anglo- Saxons kingdoms except one Wessex. A treaty was signed between the Danish and Wessex kings. It divided England, with the east declared to be Danish territory. The power was regained after about 200 years and the Anglo-Saxon dynasty lasted until the year 1066. The period of Medieval England (1066-1483) started in 1066 when William of Normandy came defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
law, Roman baths, language and advanced civilization. They also built Hadrian's Wall in 122 A.D. Romans occupied Britain for four centuries. The Roman way of life all vanished after the invasions from Northern Europe by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the 5th century onwards. They ruined Londinium, but they were easily turned into Christianity and religion became more and more important. The Vikings, who came in the 9th century, first raided England to plunder it, but then they decided to stay. In the 10th century England fell under Danish Rule, with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of 11th century. Medieval England After defeating the Anglo-Saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy (who became William I, also called William the Conqueror) introduced the Norman feudal system, rewarding his French-speaking followers with land in return for
имелись храм, театр, общественные бани и т. д. 31 UNIT 4 THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD (450–1066) Pre-reading questions When and why do you think the land of Celtic Britons became ‘England’? Where do you think the Anglo-Saxons came from? What do you think happened to the Britons? The Conquest At first the Germanic tribes only raided Britain, but after the Romans had left, they began to settle in large numbers. The Anglo-Saxon raids were part of a general migration of Germanic tribes in search of new lands for growing population1. The Britons fought the raiders and settlers from Germany as well as they could. In the west of the country the Anglo-Saxon advance was temporarily halted by an army of Britons under the command of the legendary King Arthur2. However, the Britons
mõjutatud üheltpoolt glob soojenemise fenomeni poolt, mis on ilmselt vägemalt osaliselt tingitud inimtegevusest ja st et jääalad, et siin on ka et kui keskmine maailma temp tõuseb, see põhjustab ka bolaarregioonides jääsulamise. Teine fenomen on, et uus jääaeg on tulemas see on teadusega kindlaks tehtud. Kummalised ilmad on nt sellega seotud. Lõuna-Ameerika vihmametsad lageraided seal, ükskõik millised raided mõjutavad seal tuulehoovusi, õhuniiskust, temperatuuri, vihma tekkimist ja vihmast sõltub vesi jne kõik on omavahel seoses ja kui inimene hakkab nendega hlvasti ringi käima siis võib see kõik katastroofini väljaminna. Kõige sellega seoses on vesi! Vesi on väga oluline, mitte ainult inimesele, ka majandusele jne. Nakkushaigustesse sureb maailmas kõigerohkem (ca15 miljon) n- ö ebavajalikku surma ja see kõik vee puudumise pärast. NB ! 1972ndal aastal pöörati I korda tähelepanu
changing minds about the size 119 km lenght, 5m high, 3m deep The Picts, Caledonia The painted ones, northern tribes, part of the Scots Inhabited an area known as eastern and th western Scotland, until 10 c Mysteriously disappeared Constantly fought with Romans Teir country- Caledonia- Pictland The Scots, Hibernia Raiders, Celts living in Ireland/Hibernia Migrated to Scotland Raided Roman Britain After Kenneth McAlpin united Scotland all inhabitants became Scots The Venerable Bede A monk in the Northumbrian monastery of Jarrow In 731 ,,The Great Ecclesiastical History of the English People"- overshaows all other sources of 7th, early 8th C Well-founded scraps of tradition, first work of history, where AD system is used Angles, Saxons, Jutes. Frisians 430´s onwards, Germans settlers arrived in large numbers
2.7. Metalli viilimine. Viilimine on lukksepatööoperatsioon, mille käigus eemaldatakse viiliks nimetatava lõikeriista abil tooriku pinnalt metallikiht (töötlemisvaru). Viilimisega antakse detailile nõutav kuju, vajalikud mõõtmed ja ettenähtud pinnakaredus. Viilimine jaguneb jäme- ja peenviilimiseks. Töötlemise täpsus viilimisel on kuni 0,05 mm, üksikutel juhtudel isegi 0,0l mm. Varu viilimiseks ei ole suur - 0,5...0,025 mm. Raided viili pinnal moodustavad hambad. Viili hambad saadakse raiumise, freesimise ja kammlõikamise teel. Mida vähem on raideid viili pikkuse 10 mm kohta, seda suurem on hammas. Raide kuju järgi eristatakse ühekordse ja kahekordse raidega, samuti raspliraidega viile. Ühekordse raidega viile kasutatakse värviliste metallide ja puidu viilimiseks. Ühekordne raie moodustab viilitelje ristjoonega nurga 25...300 (joon. 101a). Kahekordse raidega viilidel (joon
other group; however, these forms of hostility were minor compared to what oc- curred when the experimenters purposely introduced competitive activities into the groups' meetings with one another. Cabin-against-cabin treasure hunts, tugs- of-war, and athletic contests produced name-calling and confrontations. During the competitions, members of the opposing team were labeled "cheaters," "sneaks," and "stinkers." Afterward, cabins were raided, rival banners were stolen and burned, threatening signs were posted, and lunchroom scuffles were commonplace. At this point, it was evident to Sherif that the recipe for disharmony was quick and easy: just separate the participants into groups and let them sit for a while in their own juices. Then mix together over the flame of continued competition. And there you have it: Cross-group hatred at a rolling boil. A more challenging issue then faced the experimenters: how to remove the
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