Cialdini raamat
Then a victim is
much more likely to be helped by a lone bystander than by a group, especially if the
people in the group are strangers to one another (Latane 8{ Rodin, 1969). It seems
that the pluralistic ignorance effect is strongest among strangers: Because we like
to look graceful and sophisticated in public and because we are unfamiliar with the
reactions of those we do not know, we are unlikely to give off or correctly read ex-
pressions of concern when in a group of strangers. Therefore, a possible emer-
gency is viewed as a non emergency and a victim suffers.
A close look at this set of research findings reveals an enlightening pattern. All
the conditions that decrease an emergency victim's chances for bystander aid exist
normally and innocently in the city, in contrast to rural areas:
1. Cities are more clamorous, distracting, rapidly changing places where it is dif-
annaabi.ee 
