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Cluster Theory together to a more sustained critique. He argued that Searle
had not backed far enough away from Russell, for Searle's view inherits
problems of much the same kinds; rather, the whole Descriptivist picture
of proper names is misguided. The theory of reference has never been the
same.
Kripke's critique
Objection 3
Suppose that "Richard Nixon" is equivalent to "the winner of the 1968
U.S. Presidential election." And now consider a question about possibil-
ity. (Questions about possibility and necessity are called modal questions;
more about these in the next chapter.) Could Richard Nixon have lost the
1968 election? The answer seems unequivocally to be "Yes," assuming that
"could" here expresses merely theoretical, logical, or metaphysical possibility
rather than something about the state of our knowledge. But according to the
Description Theory, our question means the same as
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