TheCodeBreakers
the Fiihrer and brother of the chief eavesdropper.
Christoph's membership in the S.S., or Schutzstaffel ("Protection
Staff"), the notorious blackshirted strong arm of the Nazi party, pointed
to a close relationship between the Forschungsamt and the S.D., or
Sicherheitsdienst
("Security Service"), the branch of the S.S. that served as the
ideological watchdog for the Nazis. The S.D., for example, determined
who voted the wrong way in German plebiscites by numbering the back
of the ballots with milk, a simple effective secret ink. Its efforts were
primarily internal, and since private citizens, even conspirators, seldom
use complicated code or cipher systems, its crypt-analytic organization—
if it even had one—was small and nameless. This is not to say that the
S.D. was not interested in other people's conversations: it probably did
its share of telephone tapping and mail opening.
After 1936, the S.D
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