Pipeline transport Contents Who suggested to use pipe first for transporting petroleum? Pipeline construction Products that can be carried by pipeline Pipelines by purpose Pigging Advatages of pipelines Challenges of pipelines Accidents Three longest pipelines in the world Nord Stream pipeline First man who suggested to use pipe for transporting petroleum: Dmitri Mendeleev In 1863 Petroleum Pipeline construction Route (right of way) Selection Surveying the route Clearing the route Trenching - Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.) Installing the pipe Installing valves, intersections, etc. Covering the pipe and trench What can transport through the pipeline? Liquids Gases Solid capsules The most popular and valuable: Oil
Vehicles used in different modes of transport Contents ● 1.What is transport? ● 2.Airways ● 3.Roadways ● 4.Waterways ● 5.Railways ● 6.Pipelines ● 7.Conclusion 1.What is transport? Means by which a shipment is moved from point “A” to point “B”, such as by air, rail, road or sea. 2.Airways Air freighting is commonly used by businesses for the delivery of goods from distant suppliers. This type of transport is useful to deliver products within short time limits, fragile goods and products that are not bulky. Products in high demand and in short supply may also be air freighted in order to meet
Test for taint with food Caramel & chocolate stuffs before design Wine Creams Grade 1 Medical water Renal dialysis Electronics Abrasion Resistance Size distribution of particles Concentration of solids by Some relationships predicting volume wear in pipelines: Relative density of solids Wear Velocity (2.5-4.5) Shape of particles E=6.1 dm^2.15*U^3.7 Sharpness of particles Flow regime affects angle of Where :- impingement, sliding bed etc E= wear rate (at bottom of pipe, mm/year Temperature of fluid dm = mean particle size, Velocity of slurry U= mean slurry velocity,
Major Oil/Gas Bacton, St. Fergus, Teeside, Easington, Isle of Grain, Cruden Ports Bay, Sullom Voe, Flotta, Nigg Bay, Southampton Foreign Company Extensive, including many European and U.S. firms. The largest Involvement include Total, Chevron, BHP, Amerada Hess. Major Oil Fields Schiehallion (98,900), Foinaven (72,600), Alba (67,100), Captain (production, bbl/d) (66,000), Forties (55,300) Major Natural Gas Elgin, Franklin, Halley, Scoter, Shearwater Fields Major Pipelines Forties-Cruden Bay (110 miles), Ninnan-Sullom Voe (110 miles), (length) Piper-Flotta (130 miles), Cormorant-Sullom Voe (93 miles), Norpipe (220 miles), Shearwater-Elgin (SEAL), Scottish Area Gas Evacuation (SAGE, 200 miles), Central Area Transmission System (CATS, 250 miles), Far North Liquids and Gas System (FLAGS), Interconnector, Frigg.
tegemist. Suurem osa polümeere saadakse toorõlist saadavatest süsinikest. See tähendab, et need on sünteetilised. Kuid samuti on võimalik valmistada naturaalseid polümeere looduslikest molekulidest. · n the United States, plastics are made from liquid petroleum gases (LPG), natural gas liquids (NGL), and natural gas. LPG are by-products of petroleum refining, and NGL are removed from natural gas before it enters transmission pipelines. · In 20101, about 191 million barrels of LPG and NGL were used in the United States to make plastic products in the plastic materials and equal to about 2.7% of total U.S. resins industry, petroleum consumption. Of those 191 million barrels, 190 million barrels were used as feedstock and 1 million barrels were consumed as fuel · In addition to petroleum, natural gas is used to manufacture plastic materials and
· 70% of total inputs of energy for heat, power, and electricity generation Picture 2.10. Energy use by type of industry 2.6 Transportation Energy Use America is a nation on the move. About 28 percent of the energy we use goes to transporting people and goods from one place to another. Cars, vans, and buses are commonly used to carry people. Trucks, airplanes, and railroads can be used to carry people and freight. Barges and pipelines only carry freight. In 2005, 12 there were almost 239 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) in the United States. That's more than three motor vehicles for every four people! Automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove nearly 3.0 trillion miles in 2005. That's almost one-twelfth the distance to the nearest star beyond the solar system. It's like driving to the sun and back 13,440 times. Picture 2.11
The EU and Georgia further consolidated their exchange on human rights, with three dedicated meetings held so far. The EU welcomed Azerbaijan's readiness to engage in a regular dialogue on human rights issues and democratization. There are also steps in the environmental matter. There have been 44 projects in order to improve the Mediterranean Sea`s condition. Also the co-operation in the field of energy have had great results. One is definately oil and gas pipelines. I think that very important things have been done but still many goals have not been achieved. Good examples are also Moldova`s first joint EU visa application centre and free trade area in Ukraine. EU is offering much money for the partership countries and the benefits that they both get is leading to results. EU is expanding its power and partners can eliminate its shortages and make corrections in their infrastructure and political field. 2
supply chain process, and take the suitable decisions without precipitation, to tackle the demand variations. 9 10 VIIDATUD ALLIKAD De La Fuente, D., Lozano, J. (2005). Application of distributed intelligence to reduce the bullwhip effect. International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45, No. 8, 15 April 2007, 18151833 Hewitt, F. (2001). After supply chains, think demand pipelines. From the pages of Supply Chain Management Review, 5/1. Kiisler. A. (2011). Logistika ja tarneahela juhtimine. TTÜ Kirjastus. Tallinn. Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. (2004). Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect. Management Science, no. 12, pp. 1875 - 1886. Metters, R. (1997). Quantifying the `bullwhip' effect in supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, no. 2, pp. 89 - 100. Coppini, M., Rossignoli, C., Rossi, T., Strozzi, F
Less than 3% of the working population is employed in agriculture in Britain, yet the industry produces about two- thirds of the country's food requirements. Most of the farms are devoted to dairying or beef cattle and sheep. The majority of sheep and cattle are reared in the hill and highlands of Scotland. The farms devoted primarily to arable crops are found mainly in eastern and central southern England. Offshore natural gas is distributed through high-pressure pipelines and is one of the main natural resources Britain has to offer. It is used by industries which require a fine degree of accuracy, but, because it is easily transportable, it has not created industrial areas the way coal did. Britain is the world's fifth largest oil producer and although production is expected to start declining, Britain should remain an important producer in the 21st century. Other natural resources include: petroleum, paper and paper
While the reference price may be for West Texas Intermediate delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil delivered at Hardisty, Alberta, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of Primorsk. Petroleum industry The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and petrol. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of
since maps and reality can be a bit different sometimes. In addition : 1) subsoil to the centre of the world is part of the territory; 2) airspace over the territory and outer space, until 100-110 km; 3) islands, 4) territorial and internal waters. There's also quasi territory of the states, e.g. 1) territory of embassies, 2) territory of the ships and aircrafts, 3) artificial islands, 4) cables and pipelines (under the sovereignty of the state if they are installed in the international zones), 5) all artificial objects in space (here they are always quasi territory of the state) Difference between private ships and aircrafts and military/state military/state ones are under territory of the state under all circumstances, private ones are considered quasi territory of the state only in international territories, not in the
all the hoses from the radiator, and on radiator is in the vehicle. Follow the vehicles with automatic transmission, manufacturer's instructions precisely and 1986 models onwards appreciate that there is an element of risk in disconnect and plug the oil cooler pipelines. Removal 4 Disconnect the wiring plug at the fan motor the use of most de-scaling products, 19 Disconnect the battery negative terminal. and unclip the wiring from the shroud (see especially in a system which incorporates 20 Working through the aperture below the illustration). alloy and plastic materials.
located randomly on the wall, is not attached properly, the cable connections are without 307 sockets, the switchboards do not meet modern requirements, switchboards are located on the street, which has significantly harmful elements for the city environment. Old electric cabling is in urgent need of replacement. Electrical safety inspection needs to be carried out in dwellings. Old water and sewer pipelines require replacement. The main water-related problems are: leaking pipes, condensation of water vapour on cold water pipes, end of pipes’ service life. Other problems related to sewer pipes are blockages caused by the roughness of old pipes, wrong gradient of pipes, sagging of pipes, etc. 16.10 Analysis of energy consumption of wooden apartment buildings The average consumption of electricity (lighting and use of electrical appliances) in
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