In addition to this disappointment in her plans, she learns that Frank Churchill has once again had to defer his visit because Mrs. Churchill is ill, a condition that many of Highbury doubt. George Knightley in particular questions Frank's real sense of duty toward Mr. Weston and, in a conversation with Emma, indicates that he does not share Highbury's (and Emma's) general tendency to think highly of the young man whom the town has never yet seen. PERSUASION In 1814 England, 27-year old Anne Elliot lives an oppressive life with her father, Sir Walter Elliot of Kellynch Hall, and her elder sister Elizabeth, both of whom are incurable snobs. Eight and a half years ago, Anne been persuaded to refuse an offer of marriage from the man she loved, a young naval officer of no position or fortune. Now, after the Napoleonic wars, Captain Wentworth has gained both rank and money, and chance has thrown them together again
concession is the inch which precedes the impossible, the repulsive ell. A criticism one might pass on the last phase of the Saga is the complaint that Irene and Jolyon those rebels against property--claim spiritual property in their son Jon. But it would be hypercriticism, as the tale is told. No father and mother could have let the boy marry Fleur without knowledge of the facts; and the facts determine Jon, not the persuasion of his parents. Moreover, Jolyon's persuasion is not on his own account, but on Irene's, and Irene's persuasion becomes a reiterated: "Don't think of me, think of yourself!" That Jon, knowing the facts, can realise his mother's feelings, will hardly with justice be held proof that she is, after all, a Forsyte. But though the impingement of Beauty and the claims of Freedom on a possessive world are the main prepossessions of the Forsyte Saga, it cannot be absolved from the charge of embalming the upper-middle class
3.2 Kognitiivse dissonantsi tüübid · Mittepiisav õigustamine · Valiku õigustamine · Pingutuse õigustamine ...... 3.3 Tingimused KD-ks · Ebameeldivad tagajärjed · Kohustuse tekkimine · Hoiaku olulisus · Käitumise vastandlikkus · Aktivatsiooni muutus ehk emotsiooni tekkimine käitumise tagajärjel IV Veenmine (persuasion) 4.1 Veenmise olulised mudelid · Sotsiaalsete hinnangute teooria (Social judgement theory, C.Hovland) Olulised veenmise tegurid: Ego-haaratus (ego-involvement) ja info Madal ego- haaratus mida suurem erinevus info ja hoiaku vahel, seda suurem muutus hoiakutes Kõrge ego-haaratus väike erinevus info ja hoiaku vahel tekitab assimilatsiooni, suur erinevus tgekitab kontrasti
määratud oli. Keynesi sooviks oli sakslasi aidata ning harida, et leida stabiilsus. Rahulepingu punktid häirisid teda niivõrd, et ta otsustas riigikassast lahkuda suundudes tagasi Cambridge, kus ta peagi kirjutas ka ühe oma populaarseima raamatu „The econmoic consequences of the peace”. Nüüdseks oli Keynes juba tuntud kirjanik, ta kirjutas hulganiselt majandusteemalisi artikkleid, esseesid-„Essays in persuasion”, „Essays in biography”- ning ka raamatuid: „Treatise on proability”, „Tract on monetary reform” ja „General theory of employment, interest and money”. Samaaegselt asus ta tööle ka kindlustusfirma juhatajana ning alustas tegevust börsil. 1925.aastal John Maynard Keynes abiellus immigrandist vene baleriini Lydia Lopokovaga. Suure Depressiooni ajal suurenes Keynesi toetus veelgi, kui ta seletas ära, mis aitab riigil kriisist välja tulla-„Treatise on money”
Edgar Henry Schein sündis 1928. aastal sveitsis. Ta elab ja õppis USA-s. b) Hariduslik taust Ta käis Harvard University (lõpetas 1952 sotsiaalpsühholoogia), Stanford University (lõpetas 1949), University of Chicago. c) Selle autori teised (olulisemad) tööd ning kas need eelnesid või järgnesid praegu loetavale tekstile. · Brainwashing and Totalitarianization in Modern Society (1959) · Coercive Persuasion: A socio-psychological analysis of the "brainwashing" of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists (1961) W. W. Norton (publishers) · Organizational Psychology (1980) ISBN 0-13-641332-3 · Organizational Culture and Leadership (1985) ISBN 1-55542-487-2 · Process Consultation Revisited (1999) ISBN 0-201-34596-X Suurem osa tema teostest eelnesid loetavale tekstile, mis on aastast 1996
Program Manager. Disney Cyrus was 12-years old when he tried to get a leading role in both Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana, as well as part of a series of best friend Lilly Truscott / Lola Luftnagle, but the judges of the Disney Channel decided that she was too young for the role. But the after long persuasion jury decided, that Cyrus can be an important role, because they liked her energy and desire to participate in this Miley Cyrus had a small part in High School Musical, where played a girl dancing next to a pool before the titles.Cyrus gave also her voice to Penny in Bolt in 2008, which was an animated movie. Music Career
1815. aasta detsembris välja ,,Emma'' ja uue trüki romaanist "Mansfield Park''. Uus romaan müüs hästi, kuid teine trükk ,,Mansfield Parkist'' ei müünud. Selle kahjumi tõttu kadusid kõik saadud kasumid ka ,,Emma'' avaldamisest. Need olid kaks viimast romaani, mis avaldati Austeni elu ajal. (Wikipedia) Siis, kui Murray valmistus ,,Emma'' trükki minekuks hakkas Austen kirjutama järgmist romaani, mida algselt kutsuti "The Elliotsiks'' kuid hiljem muudeti "Persuasion''-ks ning avaldati selle nime all. (Wikipedia) Olen ka ise lugenud ühte Jane Austeni teost ,,Uhkus ja eelarvamus''. See räägib Jane Bennetti elust 19. sajandil, mis on täis armudraamasid. Kuigi tavaliselt ei meeldi mulle sellised raamatud, neid lugedes tundub, nagu need ei saakski läbi. Ka selle raamatuga ei olnud see palju erinev, kuid siiski lõppkokkuvõttes võib öelda, et see meeldis mulle ja leidsin, et seal oli palju õpetlikke asju
Suurimad raskused esinesid ingliskeelsetele seletustele õige eestikeelse vaste leidmisega. Ma tänan oma uurimistöö juhendajat, kes teema paremaks mõistmiseks ka ise Jane Austeni “Uhkuse ja eelarvamuse” ja “Veenmise” läbi luges. 26 SUMMARY The aim of this research was to concentrate Jane Austen’s two novels’ “Pride and prejudice” and “Persuasion” messages and themes, to search similar characters and to compare them, then analyse, if the author has her own certain stereotypes in her two writings. For this I chose two of my personal favourites from her creation: “Pride and prejudice” and “Persuasion”. In the first chapter I wrote about Austen’s life and development of her creation, in the second I compared writer’s books’ society’s backround to the real life 19th century’s
He wants to protect the chosen friend and keep him all to himself. Hallward feels jealous when the friend doesn't feel that strongly attached to him back and looks for other company. But at least Basil never gives up. He is always there to help you out when needed or warn you about a nasty rumor going around town. Basil Hallward can be both- your best friend or the annoying stalker you never get rid of (unless you stab him of course). Lord Henry Wotton Henry is a person with a useful gift of persuasion. He would be the best salesman to whom you could never say no to. There are few people who are able to keep their own beliefs and be not influenced by Henry. He airs his views with such good arguments and power that it is easy to start believing that what he is saying is actually what you yourself want to say. Even if it is not really the case. He can lead the conversation in any way necessary- either it is to make others worry about their age or stop caring about another person's suicide
Opinion leaders – someone who is able to influence other individuals; earned and maintained by technical competence or social accessibility. Change agents/agencies – individuals/companies that influence the publics innovation decisions in the direction they (or their customers) wish. Stages of adoption Sequential stages of how the adoption decision is reached. 1. Knowledge – aka awareness, usually communicated through mass media 2. Persuasion – the individual is to be convinced by seeing others using it and seeing their problems being solved 3. Decision – the innovation is either adopted or rejected. If rejected, it could be adopted at a later time. Modern use of DOI ‘Underlying the DOI theory is that, in order to secure the successful diffusion of an innovation, it must be perceived as culturally relevant and appealing to the norms of the system one wishes to diffuse it into
Isabella immediately noticed the captain and despite her engagement with James, started flirting with him. Catherine soon noticed something weird going on between Isabella and the captain. She spoke to Henry Tilney on the subject, regretting his brother's evident partiality for Miss Thrope, and entreating him to make known her prior engagement. "He does know it," was Henry's answer. "Does he? then why does he stay here? Why do not you persuade him to go away?" "Persuasion is not at command; but pardon me, if I cannot even endeavour to persuade him. I have myself told him that Miss Thrope is engaged. He knows what he is about, and must be his own master." So Henry refused to talk to his brother because he knew that Isabella was as guilty as him. Soon, Catherine left with the Tilney's for Northanger Abbey. She imagined the abbey to resemble the haunted ruins of the Gothic novels she loved but Northanger Abbey
They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance, but have since resigned themselves to nothing. Jane, overjoyed by finding her family, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins. St. John asks Jane to accompany him to India as his wife. He asks solely because he wishes a good missionary's wife, a role in which he believes Jane will excel. She agrees to go, but refuses marriage, believing his reserve and reason incompatible with her warmth and passion. But, his powers of persuasion eventually begin to convince her to change her mind. However, at that very moment, she suddenly seems to hear Mr. Rochester calling her name. The next morning, she leaves for Thornfield to ascertain Mr. Rochester's well-being before departing forever for India. [edit] Chapters 36-38: Jane's reunion with Mr. Rochester Jane and Mr. Rochester reunited.
So if man wants to reunite himself with gods, he has to have something god-like (grace, conscience). What we seek is immortality- surviving beyond one's physical death. The future is determining present. 1. Beautiful bodies will give us children, who will honor us after we are dead (but only up to a point). Gorgias, On Rhetoric Gorgias argues that rhetoric, the art of persuasion is the highest art. Socrates: the rhetorician is like a cook who prepares a meal that everyone will enjoy, while the philosopher is like a doctor who must sometimes give his patients unpleasant medicine to make them better. - Pursuit of pleasure is not the highest good. The tyrant who can do whatever he wants is neither happy nor truly powerful (a theme which will be taken up again in The Republic). In the afterlife we will all have to be judged naked. Time will tell.
disgusted with Cartman's immorality, cruelty, bigotry, and greed. Kyle is considered more friendly and caring of Butters than anyone else in the show, due to Butters' cooperation with him. CARTMAN Cartman is an obese, foul-mouthed, mean-spirited, selfish, and ill-tempered fourth-grader living with his hermaphroditic de facto mother in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. Liane spoils Cartman, bends to his persuasion, and contributes to his weight problem by allowing him to eat vast amounts of junk food Cartman has a large collection of stuffed animals, the one of which he is most fond being a frog he refers to as "Clyde Frog". He finds his cat, Mr. Kitty, to be particularly bothersome, often reacting angrily to its presence Cartman's extreme disdain for hippies (based on his voice actor's real life hatred of hippies[18]), his desire to appear on television, and his avarice are other traits the show has
TEGUTSEMINE liikumapanev jõud SOOV veendumus HUVI • • teadlik tähelepanu • TÄHELEPANU • • • 1953 Karl Hovland’s model Exposure - Attention - Comprehension - Acceptance - Retention (talletamine), mäletamine) - (Behavioral) Change (Communication and Persuasion, 1953) Hovland: “uinumisefekt” 1949, sõnumi “allika usaldusväärsus” kui olulisim tegur Hoiaku muutmisel/muutumisel 1951 • 1961 R. J. Lavidge, G. A. Steiner’i mudel: teadlik/tahtlik mõtlemine (conscious thinking) -- emotsioonid/tunded--- --hoiaku muutus -- otsus 1957 Festinger’i kognitiivse dissonantsi teooria: Inimene püüdleb/taotleb tunnetuslikku kooskõla/järjepidevust (cognitive consistency) ja satub segadusse, kui ebakõlad ilmnevad
Hovland'i 4 faktorit, mis määravad sõnumi mõjusust: Vastuvõtja/sihtrühma omadused s.h. arukus/intellekt, enesehinnang, vastuvõtja üldine meelelaad, meeleolu, hetketuju. Allika/meediumi omadused s.h. usaldusväärsus, ekspertsus, atraktiivsus. Sõnumi omadused s.h. sõnumi vormistus. Mõjustusteed/kanalid (Cognitive Routes): 1 Tsentraalne mõjustuskanal (central route to persuasion) reklaami vastuvõtja psühholoogilised teabetöötlusmehhanismid, mis vahendavad reklaamiteates sisalduva teabe vastuvõttu tingimustes, kus keskendunud infotöötluse tõenäosus on kõrge. Mõju ratsionaalne reaktsioon 2 Perifeerne mõjustamiskanal (peripheral route to persuasion) reklaami vastuvõtja psühholoogilised teabetöötlusmehhanismid, mis
väikeste omapoolsete riskidega, * emotsionaalse või intellektuaalse stimulatsiooni tekkimise/ tekitamise võimalused, * saadavate hüvede kogemise kiirus, * toote olemuse arusaadavus, kasutamise hõlpsus, * toote sümbolism- võime genereerida seonduvaid tähendusi. Reklaami mudel Eelpool mainitud Mayeri pesupulbri kampaania on loodud peamiselt vastavalt müügimudeli (sales response model) ja veenmise mudeli (persuasion model) kontekstis. Kui algse kampaania peamiseks eesmärgiks oli tootest teavitamine, siis tundub, et algselt kasutati peamiselt müügimudelit. Tegemist tootega, mis mõjutab otseselt tarbimiskäitumist. Nüüdseks edasise turunduse aluseks võiks olla veenmise mudel, et püüda võimalikult palju uusi tarbijaid veendes neid, et brändi funktsionaalsed omadused on parimad. Kuna puuduvad üldised andmed tarbijaküsitluste kohta ja selle kohta, kas
suurema väärtuse pakkumine. Innovatsioon on pidev protsess, mille tulemuseks on positiivset mõju omav muutus.Innovatsiooni tulemuseks on midagi senisest erinevat, millel on mõju. 1.Millised on innovatsiooni leviku etapid? Tooge näide ühe avaliku sektori innovatsiooni põhjal. 1. Teadmine (knowledge) – indiviid saab teadlikuks innovatsioonist ja selle funktsioonidest; 2. Veendumine (persuasion) – indiviid otsib aktiivselt informatsiooni innovatsiooni kohta ning kujundab oma poolt või vastu seisukoha; 3. Otsustamine (decision) – indiviid peab otsustama innovatsiooni omaksvõtu kasuks või kahjuks; 4. Kasutuselevõtmine (implementation) – innovatsioon võetakse kasutusele; 5. Kinnitamine (confirmation) – otsitakse lisainformatsiooni innovatsiooni kohta ning jätkatakse innovatsiooni kasutamist või loobutakse sellest
määr. Hovland’i 4 faktorit, mis määravad sõnumi mõjusust: Vastuvõtja/sihtrühma omadused, s.h. arukus/intellekt, enesehinnang, vastuvõtja üldine meelelaad, meeleolu, hetketuju. Allika/meediumi omadused, s.h. usaldusväärsus, ekspertsus, atraktiivsus. Sõnumi omadused, s.h. sõnumi vormistus. Mõjustusteed/kanalid (Cognitive Routes): - Tsentraalne mõjustuskanal (central route to persuasion) – reklaami vastuvõtja psühholoogilised teabetöötlusmehhanismid, mis vahendavad reklaamiteates sisalduva teabe vastuvõttu tingimustes, kus keskendunud infotöötluse tõenäosus on kõrge. Mõju – ratsionaalne reaktsioon. - Perifeerne mõjustamiskanal (peripheral route to persuasion) – reklaami vastuvõtja psühholoogilised teabetöötlusmehhanismid, mis vahendavad reklaamiteates sisalduva teabe
expresses person aspects as `cognitive' · Person, environment and behaviour interact reciprocally qualities rather than traits Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory · Self-efficacy · Performance experiences · Observational learning · Verbal persuasion · Emotional arousal Page Mischel's Behavioural-Cognitive Approach Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) · Encodings · Expectancies and beliefs · Goals and values · Affects (emotions) · Competencies and self-regulation · Diagrams of... CAPS
omadusi ja toote uskumusi) x Afektiivne komponent tavaliselt Likert-tüüpi nõustumisskaalal (mõõdab tarbija tundeid brändi omaduste suhtes) x Konatiivne komponent (käitumiskavatsuslik), Kasutatakse ka Likert tüüpi skaalasid või ka lünki x Hoiakuid mõõdetakse ka bipolaarsete skaaladega 22 5.5. Hoiakute muutmine Kuidas hoiakuid muuta? x Ikka veenmise kaudu x Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM) ehk veenmise tõenäosusliku keerukuse mudel Hoiakute muutmine läbi käitumise: x Congruity theory (kooskõla teooria) tarbija arvamused ja hoiakud peavad olema kooskõlas x Dissonance Theory (dissonantsi teooria) jäi/ei jäänud rahule x Balance Theory (tasakaalu teooria) x Social Judgment Theory (sots.hinnangu teooria)- tagasiside (aktsepteeritavus, mittepühendumise tase) x Attribution Theory (omaduste teooria) hoiakute põhjalikkus
Rogersi järgi saab iga uuenduse omaksvõtjaid liigitada eelpool oleva jaotuse järgi vastavalt normaaljaotuskõverale. Iga sotsiaalse süsteemi liikme valmisolek ja suutlikkus innovatsiooni omaksvõtuks sõltub suurel määral tema teadlikkusest, huvidest hinnangust, kogemusest ja omaksvõtmises. Rogers on samuti välja pakkunud viieetapilise mudeli innovatsiooni levikuks : 1. Teadmised (knowledge) – innovatsiooni olemuse ja funktsiooni selgeksõppimine. 2. Veendumine (persuasion) – veendutakse innovatsiooni väärtuses 3. Otsustamine (decision) – innovatsioon võetakse omaks 4. Kasutuselevõtmine (implementation) – innovatsiooni kasutusele võtmine 5. Kinnitamine (confirmation) – lõplik innovatsiooni omaksvõtmine (või hülgamine) See teooria rõhutab muuhulgas sotsiaalse surve suurt osatähtsust uue idee, uskumuse v hoiaku, ka käitumisviisi, samuti uue toote või teenuse kommunikeerimisel ning tunnustamisel. Inimesed kalduvad
tragedies as the Virginia Tech and North- o Enhanced coverage of "how to say no." New evidence is presented to ern Illinois mass killings. help readers identify their special e Added coverage of social influence vulnerabilities to various techniques effects in new technologies, such as of persuasion. persuasion resulting from on line banner ads and the subliminal presentation o Twice as many Reader's Reports- first-person accounts in which readers of odors. of previous editions describe how e Increased coverage of how compliance they've seen a principle work on principles work in other cultures. or for them
· 1953 Karl Hovland's model Exposure Attention Comprehension Acceptance Retention (talletamine, mäletamine) (Behavioral) Change (Communication and Persuasion, 1953) Hovland: "uinumisefekt" 1949, sõnumi "allika usaldusväärsus" kui olulisim tegur Hoiaku muutmisel/muutumisel 1951 · 1961 R. J. Lavidge, G. A. Steiner'i mudel: teadlik/tahtlik mõtlemine (conscious thinking) emotsioonid/tunded hoiaku muutus otsus · 1957 Festinger'i kognitiivse dissonantsi teooria: Inimene püüdleb/taotleb tunnetuslikku kooskõla/järjepidevust (cognitive consistency) ja satub segadusse, kui ebakõlad ilmnevad
hoiakud ei muutu. - valikuvabadus kui inimest sunnitakse tegema midagi mis ei ole kooskõlas tema isiklike hoiuakutega, siis suudab ta tegu seletada ja dissonantsi ei teki. - panustamine, seotus tugevam hoiak mõjutab rohkem inimese mina-pilti ja suurem on ka dissonantsi efekt. Sotsiaalpsühholoogia, TÜ, 2017/2018 Tugevad inimesed oma hoiakute osas moonutavad ja ignoreerivad. Kas reklaamid töötavad? Veenmise kaksikprotsessi mudel (Dual-Route models of persuasion). Sellel kaks alammudelit: - väljatöötamise tõenäosuse mudel - heuristilis-süstemaatiline mudel Sisu sarnane, rõhuasetused erinevad. Erinevused viisides tekivad sellest, kui palju kognitiivset pingutust inimene rakendab. Hoiakute muutumine saab toimuda nii kesksel kui perifeersel teel. Tsentraalsel ja süstemaatilisel teel kasutatakse kui inimesel on võimalus arutleda, tal on aega. Mõjutatakse mõistust, mitte emotsioone. Perfifeerset kasutatakse siis, kui inimesel ei
Darcy who, though extremely surprised, was not unwilling to receive it, when she instantly drew back, and said with some discomposure to Sir William: "Indeed, sir, I have not the least intention of dancing. I entreat you not to suppose that I moved this way in order to beg for a partner." Mr. Darcy, with grave propriety, requested to be allowed the honour of her hand, but in vain. Elizabeth was determined; nor did Sir William at all shake her purpose by his attempt at persuasion. "You excel so much in the dance, Miss Eliza, that it is cruel to deny me the happiness of seeing you; and though this gentleman dislikes the amusement in general, he can have no objection, I am sure, to oblige us for one half-hour." "Mr. Darcy is all politeness," said Elizabeth, smiling. "He is, indeed; but, considering the inducement, my dear Miss Eliza, we cannot wonder at his complaisance--for who would object to such a partner?" Elizabeth looked archly, and turned away
The computer enhanced our productivity. intrigue a. to interest greatly adj. intriguing Syn. fascinate adv. intriguingly n. intrigue He was intrigued by the acclaim flat he received. The intriguing question baffled historians. persuade v. to change a belief or behavior by adv. persuasively argument or reason adj. persuasive Syn. convince n. persuasion They couldn't persuade their critics to see their point of view. John presented a persuasive argument for his salary increase. replace v. to change for another thing; to take adj. replaceable the place of n. replacement Syn. substitute They have replaced all of the old office equipment. The new employee was the replacement for Mr. Topper, who retired last month. shed v. to throw off naturally, to give out
Stigma, stigmatiseeritus, normaalsus ja hälbed • Sotsiaalpsühholoogia ja isiksusepsühholoogia • W.James, L.Festinger, E.Goffman, H.Tajfel (1919-1982) Praktika Enesehinnangu teeb positiivsemaks: – Don’t worry about failure, rejection, humiliation as much – Have a clearer, more confident understanding of their identity (who am I?) – Less likely to change opinions and attitudes in the face of persuasion – Positive affect – Positivity bias—rate others more positively Enesehinnangut kisub alla: – Worry more about failure, rejection, and humiliation – Too much desire to succeed – look for ways to avoid failures, rejections, and setbacks Mõõtmisinstrumendid • Mina ja eneseteadvuse erinevaid aspekte mõõtvad skaalad. Näited: – A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One's Social Identity
sultry-eyed, breathy-voiced beauty was irresistible to most men, she'd never had to settle for less than whatever she wanted. Unfortunately she hadn't wanted my dad for the long haul. Glancing at the clock, I saw it was ten thirty. "I guess I should get ready." "I love spa day with your mom." Cary smiled and it chased the lingering shadows on my mood away. "I feel like a god when we're done." "Me, too. Of the goddess persuasion." We were so eager to be off that we went downstairs to meet the car rather than wait for the front desk to call up. The doorman smiled as we stepped outside-me in heeled sandals and a maxi dress, and Cary in hip-hugging jeans and a long-sleeved T-shirt. "Good morning, Miss Tramell. Mr. Taylor. Will you need a cab today?" "No thanks, Paul. We're expecting a car." Cary grinned. "It's spa day at Perrini's!" "Ah, Perrini's Day Spa." Paul gave a sage nod
where you answer with the first word that comes to mind. I was sure he would have continued down whatever mental list he was following, except for the blush. My face reddened because, until very recently, my favorite gemstone was garnet. It was impossible, while staring back into his topaz eyes, not to remember the reason for the switch. And, naturally, he wouldn't rest until I'd admitted why I was embarrassed. "Tell me," he finally commanded after persuasion failed -- failed only because I kept my eyes safely away from his face. "It's the color of your eyes today," I sighed, surrendering, staring down at my hands as I fiddled with a piece of my hair. "I suppose if you asked me in two weeks I'd say onyx." I'd given more information than necessary in my unwilling honesty, and I worried it would provoke the strange anger that flared whenever I slipped and revealed too clearly how obsessed I was. But his pause was very short.
closure, basically by addressing the dramatic questions raised in Act One. However, once in a while a few loose ends are desirable. Some storytellers prefer an open-ended Return. In the open-ended point of view, the storytelling goes on after the story is over; it continues in the minds and hearts of the audience, in the conversations and even arguments people have in coffee shops after seeing a movie or reading a book. Writers of the open-ended persuasion prefer to leave moral conclusions for the reader or viewer. Some questions have no answers, some have many. Some stories end not by answering questions or solving riddles, but by posing new questions that resonate in the audience long after the story is over. H o l l y w o o d films are often criticized for pat, fairy-tale endings in which all problems are solved and the cultural assumptions of the audience are left undis turbed
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